वैदिक र लौकिक वाङ्मयका भाषिक चिन्तनको तुलनात्मक विश्लेषण

 

 j}lbs / nf}lss jfª\dosf eflifs lrGtgsf] t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f

  efujt b]j e§

 

n]v;f/ -Abstract_

dfgj hfltsf] pTklQ;Fu} efiffsf] ljsf; eP tfklg o;sf] ;}4flGts / Jojl:yt lrGtgsf] Oltxf; nfdf] ;dokl5 dfq k|f/De ePsf] kfOG5 . k"jL{o ;Eotfdf ;+:s[t tyf kfZrfTodf lu|s / Nofl6g jfª\don] cfw'lgs efifflj1fgsf] k[i7e"ld lgdf{0fdf cfwf/e"t e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\. O{=k"= !%)) lt/sf] j}lbs ;+:s[t o'uaf6 k|f/De ePsf] eflifs lrGtg nf}lss ;+:s[t;Dd cfOk'Ubf kfl0fgL, sfTofog / kt~hln h:tf ljåfg\x¿sf] of]ubfgn] r/df]Tsif{ k|fKt u¥of]. j}lbs o'udf eflifs lrGtg d'VotM bfz{lgs / cfWoflTds cfwf/df cl3 a9]sf] b]lvG5, hxfF CUj]bsf dGq / ;+lxtfx¿df zAbsf] zlQm / pTklQsf] vf]hL ul/Psf] 5 . ljz]if u/L of:ssf] …lg?QmÚ n] zAbsf] Jo'TklQ / cy{lj1fgsf] hu a;fn]sf] 5 . nf}lss o'udf eg] kfl0fgLsf] …ci6fWofoLÚ dfkm{t efiffsf] Jofs/l0fs, WjGofTds / ;+/rgfTds ljZn]if0fdf j}1flgs hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . o;n] ljZjs} efiffj}1flgs lrGtgdf qmflGtsf/L k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . k|:t't n]vdf j}lbs / nf}lss jfª\dosf ltg} eflifs lrGtgsf :j¿k, ljsf;qmd / logsf aLrsf leGgtfx¿nfO{ t'ngfTds ¿kdf ljZn]if0f ub}{ cfw'lgs efifflj1fg / sDKo'6];gn lnË\o'Ol:6S;df logsf] ;fGble{stf ;d]tnfO{ phfu/ ul/Psf] 5 .

d'Vo kbx¿ -Keywords_M  j}lbs / nf}lss ;+:s[t, eflifs lrGtg, ci6fWofoL, lqd'lg k/Dk/f,                                  lg?Qm, Wjlg lj1fg, Jo'TklQ zf:q .     

!= kl/ro -Introduction_

efiff dfgjLo ljrf/ ljlgdosf] ;a}eGbf ;zQm / hLjGt ;fwg xf] . dflg;n] cfˆgf efjgf, OR5f, cfjZostf Pj+ cd"t{ ljrf/x¿nfO{ d"t{ ¿k lbO{ c¿ ;dIf ;Dk|]if0f ug{ efiffs} k|of]u ub{5 . efiff ;dfhsf] pkh ePsfn] ;fdflhs cl:tTj / ljsf;;Fu} o;sf] :j¿k klg kl/dflh{t x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . dfgj ;[li6sf] k|f/lDes sfndf ;Í]t / k|tLsx¿df ;Lldt ljrf/ ljlgdosf] k4lt ljsf; x'Fb} hfFbf efiffsf] pTklQ eof] . oBlk, efiffsf] k|of]u ;'? ePsf] nfdf] ;dokl5 dfq o;sf lgod / k|s[ltaf/] Jojl:yt lrGtg k|f/De ePsf] b]lvG5 .

k"jL{o huTdf ;+:s[t jfª\do / kfZrfTo huTdf lu|s tyf Nofl6g jfª\don] cfw'lgs efifflj1fgsf] hu a;fNg ljlzi6 e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\ . logs} cfwf/df jt{dfgsf g]kfnL, cË|]hL tyf cGo cfw'lgs efiffx¿sf] Jofs/l0fs ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] . O{=k"= !%)) lt/sf] j}lbs ;+:s[t o'unfO{ k"jL{o eflifs lrGtgsf] k|:yfg ljGb' dfGg ;lsG5 . o; o'udf efiff;DaGwL lrGtgsf] ljsf; ;+lxtf, cf/0os / pklgifb\x¿df Jofks ¿kdf ePsf] kfOG5 .

j}lbs ;+:s[t efiff ;dosf] cGt/fn;Fu} qmdzM nf}lss ;+:s[tsf ¿kdf kl/dflh{t x'Fbf eflifs lrGtgsf] k/Dk/f cem ;'b[9 / j}1flgs aGof] . o; ;Gbe{df kfl0flg, sfTofog / kt~hln -lqd'lg_ tyf pQ/jtL{ sfnsf et{[xl/ h:tf ljåfGx¿sf] of]ubfg ct'ngLo 5 . kfl0flg ;Dk|bfon] efiffnfO{ ;"qa4 u/L Pp6f lglZrt / j}1flgs :j¿k k|bfg u¥of] .

;fdfGotof k"jL{o eflifs lrGtgsf] Oltxf;nfO{ tLg k|d'v r/0fdf ljefhg u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5M

!=     k|fUj}lbs o'uM j]bsf] ;+lxtLs/0f x'g'eGbf k"j{sf] k|f/lDes cj:yf .

@=     j}lbs o'uM j}lbs ;+lxtfsf] /rgfb]lv j]bfËsf] lgdf{0f;Ddsf] ;dofjlw .

#=     nf}lss o'uM ;"qsfn -kfl0flg_ b]lv pQ/jtL{ bfz{lgs / Jofs/l0fs lrGtgsf] sfn .

nf}lss o'udf cfOk'Ubf efiff s]jn k|of]usf] dfWod dfq /x]g, a? o;sf] Jofs/l0fs ;+/rgf, Wjlg k|lqmof / cy{ut kIfsf] ;"Id ljZn]if0f ul/of] . oxL sf/0fn] ubf{ g} k"jL{o eflifs lrGtgnfO{ cfh klg ljZjd} clåtLo / j}1flgs dflgG5 .

 

@= cWoogsf] p2]Zo -Objectives of the Study_

 

k|:t't cWoogsf] d"n p2]Zo dfgj ;dfhsf] ljsf;qmd;Fu} cl3 a9]sf] eflifs lrGtgsf P]ltxfl;s / ;}4flGts cfofdx¿sf] cGj]if0f ug{' xf] . o; cWoogsf ljlzi6 p2]Zox¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5M

!= j}lbs / nf}lss jfª\dodf ljBdfg eflifs lrGtgsf] :j¿k / ljsf;qmdaf/] k|fl1s ljZn]if0f       ug{' .

@= j}lbs ;+:s[t / nf}lss ;+:s[tsf eflifs lrGtgaLr /x]sf ;dfgtf tyf leGgtfx¿sf]       t'ngfTds cWoog ug{' .

 

#= cWoog ljlw -Research Methodology_

 

k|:t't cWoogdf cfjZostfcg';f/ k|fylds / låtLos b'j} ;|f]tsf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5. d"ntM k':tsfnoLo sfo{ -Library Work_ df cfwfl/t o; cWoogdf u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg 9fFrf -Qualitative Research Design_ cGtu{t j0f{gfTds ljlwsf] cjnDag ul/Psf] 5. cWoognfO{ j:t'k/s / ljZj;gLo agfpg P]ltxfl;s tyf t'ngfTds ljlwsf] ;d]t k|of]u ul/Psf] 5.

ljz]if u/L j}lbs / nf}lss jfª\dodf /x]sf eflifs lrGtgsf] t'ngfTds ljZn]if0fsf nflu k"j{cWo]tfx¿sf cg';Gwfgd"ns n]v, zf]wkq, k|fl1s hg{n tyf cflwsfl/s k':tsx¿nfO{ cfwf/e"t ;|f]tsf ¿kdf u|x0f ul/Psf] 5 . tYofÍx¿sf] ;Íng / ljZn]if0f ubf{ cfudgfTds      -Inductive_ / lgudgfTds -Deductive_ b'j} tfls{s k4ltdfkm{t lgisif{ lgsfNg] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .

$= ljifoj:t'sf] JofVof / ljZn]if0f -Analysis and Discussion_

efiff dfgj ;dfhsf] cleGg cË xf] / o;sf] ljsf; dfgj ;Eotfsf] pbo;Fu} ePsf] xf]. cflbd sfndf dfgj hfltn] ljleGg k|tLs, ;Í]t / O;f/fsf dfWodaf6 ljrf/ ljlgdo ug]{ ub{y]. dfgj hfltsf] pTklQ / efiffsf] ljsf; ;fy;fy} eP tfklg o;sf] ;}4flGts / k4ltk/s lrGtg eg] lgs} kl5 dfq ;'? ePsf] kfOG5. k"jL{o ;Gbe{df ;+:s[t tyf kfZrfTo ;Gbe{df lu|s / Nofl6g efiffsf jfª\dox¿n] cfw'lgs efifflj1fgsf] hu a;fNg / eflifs lrGtgsf] ljsf;df ljlzi6 e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf 5g\. log} k|frLg lrGtgsf cfwf/df g} jt{dfgsf g]kfnL, cË|]hL tyf ;+:s[t h:tf efiffx¿sf] Jofs/l0fs ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ePsf x'g\.

eflifs lrGtgsf] Oltxf;nfO{ lgofNbf O{=k"= !%)) lt/sf] j}lbs ;+:s[t o'unfO{ o;sf] k|f/lDes laGb' dfGg ;lsG5. CUj]bsf Crfx¿df zAb, Wjlg / cy{sf af/]df ul/Psf k|f/lDes rrf{ g} eflifs cWoogsf k|:yfg laGb' x'g\. j}lbs ;+:s[t efiff qmdzM ljsl;t / kl/dflh{t x'Fb} nf}lss ;+:s[tsf ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f eof], h;n] eflifs lrGtgsf] k/Dk/fnfO{ yk Jofks / ;'b[9 agfof].

nf}lss ;+:s[tsf] sfnv08df kfl0flg, sfTofog / kt~hln -lqd'ln_ tyf et{[xl/ h:tf sfnhoL ljåfGx¿n] eflifs lrGtgnfO{ bfz{lgs / j}1flgs prfO k|bfg u/]. ljz]iftM kfl0flgsf] …ci6fWofoLÚ n] efiffnfO{ ;"qa4 u/L Jofs/l0fs z'4tfsf] pRrtd gd'gf k|:t't u¥of]. lqd'lnsf] cjt/0fkZrft\ ;+:s[t eflifs lrGtgn] ljleGg cfofd / k4ltx¿ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ cl3 a9\of]. o;} qmddf ljleGg Jofs/l0fs ;Dk|bfox¿sf] pbo / ljsf; eof]. kfl0flgLo k/Dk/fsf] cg';/0f ub}{ kl5Nnf j}ofs/0f / bfz{lgsx¿n] Wjlg, kb, jfSo / cy{sf] ;"Id ljZn]if0f u/]. Jofs/0fsf cltl/Qm ;+:s[t ;flxTo, dLdf+;f, Gofo / lg?Qm h:tf If]qx¿df klg uxg eflifs Pj+ Jofs/l0fs ljdz{ ;'? eof], h;n] ubf{ k"jL{o efifflrGtg ljZjd} clåtLo / j}1flgs aGg k'Uof].

$=! j}lbs jfª\dodf eflifs lrGtg

j]bnfO{ 1fgsf] cflb ;|f]t dflgG5, hxfF efiffsf af/]df cToGt ulx/f] / bfz{lgs rrf{ ul/Psf] 5. j}lbs jfª\docGtu{t CUj]b, oh'j]{b, ;fdj]b / cyj{j]b u/L rf/ j]bx¿ kb{5g\. oLdWo] ljZjs} k|frLgtd u|Gy CUj]bdf …jfs\Ú -jf0fL_ zAbsf] k|of]u Jofks ¿kdf ePsf] kfOG5. j}lbs k/Dk/fdf Jofs/0fnfO{ …j]bsf] d'vÚ -d'v+ Jofs/0f+ :d[td\_ dflgG5, h;n] efiffsf] z'4tf / /Iffdf Jofs/0fsf] ;jf]{Rr :yfgnfO{ k'li6 ub{5 .

j}lbs jfª\donfO{ ;+/rgfTds / ljifout cfwf/df lgDg rf/ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 M

!=;+lxtf M dGqx¿sf] ;+u|x .

@=a|fXd0f M o1 / sd{sf08sf] JofVof .

#=cf/0os M bfz{lgs Pj+ cfWoflTds lrGtg .

$=pklgifb\ M a|Xd1fg / cfTd1fgsf] ljj]rgf .

o;sf cltl/Qm j}lbs efiffsf] ;xL pRrf/0f / k|of]usf nflu ^ j6f j]bfËx¿sf] ljsf; ul/of] M

*       lzIff M Wjlg lj1fg / pRrf/0f k4lt .

*       sNk M wfld{s ljwfg / sd{sf08 .

*       Jofs/0f M zAb l;l4 / eflifs lgod .

*       lg?Qm M zAbsf] Jo'TklQ / cy{ -Jo'TklQzf:q_  .

*       5Gb M sflJos no / ult .

*       Hof]ltif M sfn u0fgf / vuf]n .

;fy}, ljleGg k|fltzfVox¿ -h;n] Wjlgk/s lgodx¿sf] JofVof u5{Gf\ ;d]t o;}leq ;d]l6Psf 5g\. o;/L j}lbs o'udf efiffnfO{ s]jn ;~rf/sf] dfWod dfq geO{ Pp6f kljq, j}1flgs / bfz{lgs cg';Gwfgsf] ljifo agfOPsf] b]lvG5 .

$=!=# jfSsf] :j¿k / juL{s/0f

j}lbs lrGtgdf jf0fLnfO{ …b}jL jfs\Ú sf] ¿kdf k"hgLo dflgPsf] 5. CUj]bsf] k|l;4 Crf -rTjfl/ jfs\ kl/ldtf kbflg===_ n] jf0fLnfO{ rf/ txdf juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5, h;nfO{ eflifs cleJolQm / cfGtl/s lrGtgsf] j}1flgs k|lqmof dfGg ;lsG5M

!= k/fM of] gfledf /xg] ;"Id Wjlg xf], hf] cJoQm / s]jn of]uLx¿n] dfq cg'ej ug{ ;Sg]                      cfGtl/s :kGbg xf] .

@= kZoGtLM Åbodf /xg] dfgl;s :j¿k . of] ljrf/sf] Tof] cj:yf xf] hxfF zAbsf] cfsf/ aGg ;'? x'G5 t/ pRrf/0f x'Fb}g .

#= dWodfM s07;Dd cfpg] t/ pRrf/0f eOg;s]sf] dWod cj:yf . o;nfO{ dfgl;s / ef}lts pRrf/0f aLrsf] ;]t' dflgG5 .

$= j}v/LM d'vaf6 :ki6 ¿kdf lg:sg] WjGofTds ¿k, h;nfO{ ;fdfGo dflg;n] ;'Gg / af]Ng   ;S5g\ . of] efiffsf] ef}lts / ;fdflhs :j¿k xf] .

o;}u/L, lg?Qmsf/x¿n] …e"MÚ, …e'jMÚ, …:jMÚ / …dxMÚ nfO{ klg jfSsf] ¿kdf JofVof u/]sf 5g\ eg] kt~hlnn] Jofs/l0fs cfwf/df gfd, cfVoft, pk;u{ / lgkftnfO{ …rTjfl/ jfs\Ú sf ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\ .

$=!=$ Wjlg / pRrf/0fsf] dxQ\j

j}lbs jfª\dodf pRrf/0fsf] z'4tf -Phonetic Accuracy_ nfO{ r/d dxQ\j lbOPsf] 5 . …lzIffÚ j]bfËn] j0f{, :j/, dfqf, an, ;fd / ;Gtfg -;+lxtf_ sf lgodx¿ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . j}lbs k/Dk/fdf :j/sf] ;fdfGo q'l6n] klg cy{sf] cgy{ nfUg ;Sg] r]tfjgL lbOPsf] 5 . o;sf] k|l;4 pbfx/0f …OG›zq'Ú zAb xf], hxfF :j/sf] :yfg kl/jt{gn] k|fy{gfsf] kmn g} pN6f] ePsf] dflgG5 . o;n] s] k'li6 u5{ eg] j}lbs o'udf Wjlg lj1fg -Phonetics_ cToGt ljsl;t cj:yfdf lyof] .

$=!=% of:s / lg?Qmsf] of]ubfg

eflifs cWoogsf] Oltxf;df of:ssf] …lg?QmÚ / To;sf] cfwf/ u|Gy …lg306'Ú sf] :yfg clåtLo 5. of:sn] zAbsf] Jo'TklQ -Etymology_ sf cfwf/df efiffsf] j}1flgs ljZn]if0f u/]. pgsf d'Vo l;4fGtx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5Gf\ M

*                   wft'h l;4fGt M ;a} gfdx¿ -Nouns_ wft' -Verbs_ af6 ljsl;t x'G5g\. of] cfw'lgs efifflj1fgsf] 'Root theoryÚ ;Fu d]n vfG5.

*                   kbsf] rt'i6\jM zAbx¿nfO{ gfd, cfVoft, pk;u{ / lgkft u/L rf/ efudf juL{s/0f -Parts of Speech_.

*                   cy{–s]lG›t cWoogM zAbsf] k|of]u / Wjlgsf cfwf/df gfds/0f. h:t}M …sfsÚ -sfu_ sf] gfds/0f p;n] lgsfNg] …sf–sfÚ Wjlgsf cfwf/df ePsf] xf].

o;/L of:sn] zAbsf] cy{ lgwf{/0f ug]{ k4lt ljsf; u/]/ cfw'lgs cy{lj1fg -Semantics_ sf] alnof] hu a;fn]sf 5g\.

 

$=@ j]bsfndf eflifs lrGtgsf] ;+:yfut :j¿k

 

;+:s[tsf] …ljb\Ú wft'af6 ag]sf] …j]bÚ zAbsf] cy{ …1fgsf] e08f/Ú x'G5. o; 1fgnfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg / a'‰gsf nflu ljsl;t ul/Psf cËx¿n] tTsfnLg eflifs ulx/fOnfO{ emNsfpF5g\. d'08sf]klgifb\ -!÷!÷%_ df ljBfnfO{ …k/fÚ / …ck/fÚ u/L b'O{ efudf afFl8Psf] 5, h;df ^ j6f j]bfËnfO{ …ck/f ljBfÚ cGtu{t /flvPsf] 5.

$=@=! j]bfË / eflifs cËx¿sf] dfgjLs/0f

j]bfËx¿nfO{ …j]b k'?ifÚ sf ljleGg cËsf ¿kdf dfgjLs/0f ul/Psf] 5, h;n] efiffsf ljleGg kIfsf] dxQ\j bzf{pF5 M

j]bfË	dfgj cË	sfo{÷If]q
5Gb	kfp -v'§f_	sflJos no / ult lgwf{/0f
sNk	xft	wfld{s ljwfg / k|of]u
Hof]ltif	cfFvf	sfn u0fgf / vuf]n
lg?Qm	sfg	zAbsf] Jo'TklQ / cy{af]w
lzIff	gfs	Wjlg lj1fg / pRrf/0f k4lt
Jofs/0f	d'v	l;l4, kb / jfSo ;+/rgf zAb

                                                                                 

o; dfgjLs/0fdf Jofs/0fnfO{ …j]bsf] d'vÚ dflgg'n] efiffsf] ;+/rgf / z'4tfnfO{ ;a}eGbf pRr :yfg lbOPsf] k|:6 x'G5. lzIffn] Wjlg lj1fg -Phonetics_, Jofs/0fn] ¿klj1fg -Morphology_ / jfSotTj -Syntax_, tyf lg?Qmn] Jo'TklQzf:q -Etymology_ sf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\.

$=!=^ CUj]bdf eflifs lrGtgsf] k/fsfi7f

CUj]b s]jn dGqx¿sf] ;Ë|x dfq geO{ of] efiffsf] pTklQ, zAbsf] zlQm / Jofs/l0fs ;Í]tx¿sf] cflbd ;|f]t klg xf]. CUj]bsf] rt'y{ d08nsf] Ps k|l;4 Crfdf jf0fLnfO{ …j[ifeÚ -;fF9]_ sf] k|tLssf ¿kdf lrq0f ul/Psf] 5, h;n] efiffsf] ;+/rgfTds cjojx¿nfO{ ;Í]t ub{5 M

rTjfl/ z[Ëf qof] c:o kfbf å] zLif]{ ;Kt x:tf;f] c:o .

lqwf a4f] j[ifef] /f]/jLlt dxf] b]jf] dTof{+ cf ljj]z .. -CUj]b $÷%*÷#_

o; ¿kssf] efiffj}1flgs JofVof lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf] 5 M

*                   rf/ l;ª M gfd, cfVoft -lqmof_, pk;u{ / lgkft -kbsf k|sf/x¿_ .

*                   tLg v'§f M e"t, jt{dfg / eljio sfn .

*                   b'O{ 6fpsf] M zAbsf b'O{ :j¿k— lgTo -:kmf]6_ / clgTo -Wjlg_ .

*                   ;ft xft M k|ydfb]lv ;KtdL;Ddsf ;ft ljelQmx¿ .

*                   tLg 7fpFdf afFlwPsf] M Åbo, s07 / lz/ -pRrf/0fsf d'Vo :yfgx¿_ .

 

o; JofVofn] s] k'li6 ub{5 eg] CUj}lbs sfnd} zAbsf] ;"Id kbut / WjGofTds ljZn]if0f eO;s]sf] lyof] .

$=!=& efiffsf] ofb[lR5stf / ;fdflhs :j¿k

CUj]b -!)÷&!÷@_ df ;Qm' -;ft'_ nfO{ rfNgLn] 5fGg' / efiffnfO{ z'4 agfpg'sf] t'ngf ul/Psf] 5. o;n] efiff kl/dfh{g -Refinement_ sf] k|lqmofnfO{ a'emfpF5 . ;fy}, …a[x:kltÚ nfO{ efiffsf] k|f/lDes stf{ dflgPsf] 5, h;n] kbfy{x¿sf] gfds/0f u/]sf] pNn]v 5 . CUj]b -!)÷!!$÷*_ n] eG5— æhxfF;Dd a|Xd -a|Xdf08_ 5, ToxfF;Dd jf0fLsf] Jofkstf 5 .æ o;n] efiffsf] c;Lldt zlQm / If]qnfO{ ;Í]t ub{5 .

$=!=* cyj{j]bdf eflifs lrGtg

cyj{j]b -(÷!)÷@!_ df efiffsf] JofkstfnfO{ k|fs[lts rqm;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . h;/L ;d'›sf] hn jfo'df kl/0ft eO{ jiff{åf/f ;+;f/nfO{ l;l~rt ub{5, To;/L g} xhf/f}F cIf/sf ;d"xx¿ huTdf JofKt eO{ sNof0f ub{5g\  . cyj{j]bn] jfSzlQmnfO{ dflg;sf] ;j{>]i7 j}ej dfg]sf] 5, h;n] dflg;nfO{ cGo k|f0fLeGbf >]i7 agfpF5 .

$=# a|fXd0f sfndf eflifs lrGtg

a|fXd0f u|Gyx¿ j}lbs jfª\dosf] ljzfn 1fgsf]if x'g\ . oL u|Gyx¿ pQ/–j}lbs sfnLg ;flxTo x'g\, h;sf] pbo ;+lxtfx¿sf] JofVof ug]{ qmddf ePsf] xf] . a|fXd0f u|Gysf] k|wfg ljifo …o1Ú / ljlwljwfg eP tfklg o; k|lqmofdf efiffsf] :j¿k, z'4tf / ;+/rgfdfly cToGt uxg ljdz{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 .

$=#=! k|fljlws zAbfjnLsf] ljsf;

a|fXd0f sfn;Dd cfOk'Ubf eflifs lrGtgn] Pp6f lglZrt k4lt / k|fljlws ¿k u|x0f ul/;s]sf] b]lvG5. uf]ky a|fXd0fdf Jofs/0f;Fu ;DalGwt cg]sf}F kfl/eflifs zAbx¿sf] k|of]u x'g'n] o; tYonfO{ k'li6 ub{5 . o;df lgDg k|fljlws zAbfjnLsf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M

*                   wft', k|fltklbs, cfVoft -kb lj1fg_ .

*                   lnË, jrg, ljelQm, k|Too -¿k lj1fg_ .

*                   :j/, dfqf, j0f{, cIf/ -Wjlg lj1fg_ .

oL zAbfjnLsf] k|of]un] s] ;Í]t u5{ eg] a|fXd0f sfnd} efiffnfO{ Pp6f hLjGt / lgoda4 ;+/rgfsf ¿kdf x]g{ yflnPsf] lyof] .

$=#=@ Wjlg / cy{sf] ;DaGw

o; sfnsf] eflifs lrGtgsf] csf]{ dxQ\jk"0f{ kIf P]t/]o a|fXd0f / ztky a|fXd0fdf kfOg] Wjlg / cy{aLrsf] ;DaGwsf] vf]hL xf] . ztky a|fXd0fdf …jfs\Ú -jf0fL_ / …dgÚ sf] ;DaGwnfO{ bfz{lgs 9Ën] k|:t't ul/Psf] 5. jf0fLnfO{ dgsf] cg'ufdL dflgPsf] 5 / z'4 pRrf/0f gx'Fbf o1sf] kmn k|fKt gx'g] r]tfjgL lbOPsf] 5. o;n] Wjlg lj1fg -Phonetics_ sf] ljsf;df 7f]; cfwf/ tof/ u¥of] .

;fy}, a|fXd0f u|Gyx¿df zAbsf] lgj{rg -Explanation of origin_ ug]{ k/Dk/f ;'? eof], h;nfO{ kl5 of:sn] k"0f{tf lbP. æob]j lg?Qm+ tGdTod\, oblg?Qm+ tbd[tDf\æ -h;sf] lgj{rg ug{ ;lsG5 Tof] dTo{ xf], hf] clgj{rgLo 5 Tof] cd[t xf]_ h:tf bfz{lgs dfGotfn] zAbsf] zlQm / ;LdfnfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ sfd u/].

lgisif{df, a|fXd0f sfndf eflifs lrGtgn] sd{sf08sf] 5fofdf eP klg cfˆgf] :jtGq klxrfg agfpg yfn]sf] b]lvG5. o; o'un] j}lbs ;+:s[t / nf}lss ;+:s[taLrsf] ;]t'sf] sfd ub}{ cfufdL …;"q sfnÚ -kfl0flgsf] ;do_ sf nflu cfjZos Jofs/l0fs k"jf{wf/ / kfl/eflifs zAbfjnLsf] lgdf{0f ul/lbPsf] 5.

$=$ cf/0os sfndf eflifs lrGtg

j}lbs jfª\dosf] ljsf;qmddf a|fXd0f u|Gyx¿kl5 cf/0os u|Gyx¿sf] k|fb'ef{j ePsf] b]lvG5. Úc/0oÚ -jg_ df a;]/ cWoog, lrGtg / dgg ul/g] x'gfn] oL u|Gyx¿sf] gfd Úcf/0osÚ /xg uPsf] xf] -c/0o] ej+ cf/0osD_. cf/0os u|Gyx¿n] sd{sf08k|wfg a|fXd0f u|Gy / 1fgsf08k|wfg pklgifb\x¿nfO{ hf]8\g] ;]t' -Bridge_ sf ¿kdf sfo{ ub{5g\. logdf d'VotM k|f0fljBf / cfWoflTds lrGtgsf] dlxdf ufOPsf] eP tfklg eflifs ;+/rgf / dGqx¿sf] cfGtl/s agf]6sf af/]df dxQ\jk"0f{ lrGtgx¿ pknAw 5g\.

j}lbs ;flxTodf CUj]b;Fu ;DalGwt b'O{ k|d'v cf/0osx¿ 5Gf M P]t/]o cf/0os / zfÎfog            -sf}ifLtsL_ cf/0os. eflifs b[li6sf]0fn] P]t/]o cf/0os cToGt} dxQ\jk"0f{ dflgG5. o; cf/0ossf] t];|f] efudf ;+lxtfsf] :j¿k, kbkf7, qmdkf7, :j/ / Jo~hgsf af/]df ;"Id ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5   .

o; sfnsf] eflifs lrGtgsf s]xL ljlzi6 kIfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5Gf\ M

*                   ;lGw / ;+lxtfsf] ljZn]if0fM cf/0osx¿df zAbx¿ s;/L Ps–csf{df hf]l8G5g\ -;lGw_ / To;n] s;/L Ú;+lxtfÚ sf] ¿k lnG5 eGg] ljifodf bfz{lgs rrf{ ul/Psf] 5. cIf/x¿sf] ldngnfO{ s]jn Wjlg kl/jt{g dfq geO{ a|Xdf08Lo tTjx¿sf] ldngsf ¿kdf x]l/Psf] 5 .

*                   :j/ / Jo~hgsf] juL{s/0fM P]t/]o cf/0osdf :j/ / Jo~hgsf] k|s[ltdfly k|sfz kfl/Psf] 5. o;df Jo~hgnfO{ z/L/ / :j/nfO{ To;sf] cfTdfsf ¿kdf lrq0f ul/Psf] 5, h;n] Wjlg lj1fg -Phonetics_ df k|f0f e/]sf] 5 .

*                   kbkf7 / qmdkf7M dGqx¿sf] z'4tf sfod /fVgsf nflu zAbx¿nfO{ 5'6\ofP/ k9\g] Úkbkf7Ú / ltgLx¿nfO{ lglZrt qmddf ldnfP/ k9\g] Úqmdkf7Ú sf] rrf{ cf/0os sfndf cem kl/is[t ePsf] b]lvG5. o;n] ubf{ efiffsf] Jofs/l0fs PsfOx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ ;xh eof] .

*                   k|f0f / jf0fLsf] ;DaGwM cf/0osx¿df jf0fL -jfS_ nfO{ k|f0fsf] :y"n ¿k dflgPsf] 5. Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] k|lqmof;Fu Wjlgx¿sf] pTklQ s;/L x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] k|f/lDes ;Í]t log} u|Gyx¿df e]l6G5 .

 

$=% pklgifb\ sfndf eflifs lrGtg

j}lbs jfª\dosf] clGtd efu ePsfn] pklgifb\x¿nfO{ …j]bfGtÚ -j]bsf] cGTo jf ;f/_ klg elgG5. Úpklgifb\Ú zAbsf] zflAbs cy{ u'?sf] ;dLkdf a;]/ k|fKt ul/g] …tTj1fgÚ eGg] x'G5. eflifs lrGtgsf] b[li6n] pklgifb\x¿df Jofs/l0fs ljZn]if0feGbf a9L efiff bz{g -Philosophy of Language_ dfly hf]8 lbOPsf] kfOG5.

o; sfnsf s]xL k|d'v eflifs Pj+ bfz{lgs dfGotfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5Gf\ M

$=%=! cIf/ / a|Xdsf] PsfTdstf

pklgifb\x¿df …cIf/Ú nfO{ g} a|Xd dflgPsf] 5. d'08sf]klgifb\ -!÷!÷&_ sf cg';f/ h;/L dfs'/fn] hfnf] lgsfN5 / k'gM cfkm}Fleq ;dflxt u5{, To;/L g} …cIf/ a|XdÚ af6 of] ljZjsf] pTklQ x'G5. oxfF …cIf/Ú zAbn] cljgfzL tTj / WjGofTds PsfO b'j}nfO{ ;Í]t u5{.

$=%=@ jf0fLsf] ;Ldf / a|Xdsf] clgj{rgLotf

s]gf]klgifb\ -!÷$_ df jf0fLsf] ;fdYo{ / ;Ldfaf/] elgPsf] 5— æh;nfO{ jf0fLåf/f atfpg ;lsFb}g, a? h;n] jf0fLnfO{ zlQm k|bfg u5{, ToxL g} a|Xd xf]æ -oåfrfgEo'lbt+ o]g jfuEo'Bt]_. o;n] efiffn] ;TonfO{ k"0f{tM JoQm ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] efiff bz{gsf] pRrtd laGb'nfO{ bzf{pF5.

$=%=# cf]Íf/ / WjGofTds ;f/

pklgifb\x¿df …çÚ -cf]Df\_ nfO{ ;a} jfs\ jf jf0fLsf] ;f/ dflgPsf] 5. 5fGbf]Uof]klgifßf …cf]d\Ú nfO{ pb\uLysf] ¿kdf JofVof ub}{ o;}af6 ;Dk"0f{ efiff / hut\ lj:tfl/t ePsf] atfOPsf] 5. of] cjwf/0ff cfw'lgs efifflj1fgsf] …d"n WjlgÚ ;DaGwL wf/0ff;Fu lgs6 b]lvG5.

$=%=$ gfd / ¿ksf] ;DaGw

pklgifb\x¿df …gfdÚ -kb÷zAb_ / …¿kÚ -cy{÷j:t'_ sf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;[li6 k|lqmofsf] cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5. s'g} klg j:t'sf] cl:tTj p;sf] gfd / ¿kdf lglxt x'G5 eGg] wf/0ffn] kl5Nnf] ;dosf] cy{lj1fg -Semantics_ nfO{ k|efljt u/]sf] 5.

$=%=% pklgifb\x¿sf] juL{s/0f

d'lQmsf]klgifb\sf cg';f/ pklgifb\x¿sf] ;Î\of !)* dflgPsf] 5 . lognfO{ rf/ j]b;Fu o;/L juL{s/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 M

j]b	pklgifb\ ;Î\of	d'Vo pklgifb\x¿
CUj]b	!)	P]t/]o
z'Sn oh'j]{b	!(	O{z, a[xbf/0os
s[i0f oh'j]{b	#@	s7, t}lQ/Lo
;fdj]b	!^	s]g, 5fGbf]Uo
cyj{j]b	#!	k|Zg, d'08s, df08'So

 

;du|df, pklgifb\ sfndf eflifs lrGtgn] ef}lts / Jofs/l0fs 3]/f gf3]/ cfWoflTds / bfz{lgs prfO k|fKt u/]sf] 5. o;n] zAbnfO{ s]jn ;~rf/sf] dfWod dfq geO{ a|Xd k|flKtsf] ;fwg / ;Tosf] k|tLssf ¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 .

$=^ nf}lss ;+:s[t jfª\dodf eflifs lrGtg

j}lbs ;+:s[t efiff qmdzM nf}lss ;+:s[tsf ¿kdf ljsl;t x'Fbf eflifs lrGtgsf] k/Dk/f cem Jofks / Jojl:yt aGof]. kfl0fgLsf] pbo x'g'k"j{ g} ;+:s[tdf eflifs lrGtgsf] ;'bL3{ k/Dk/f /x]sf] b]lvG5. kfl0fgL nf}lss ;+:s[t o'usf dxfg\ efiff lrGts x'g\, t/ pgLeGbf cufl8 g} k|fS–j}lbs / j}lbs o'usf] eflifs lrGtgsf] nfdf] z[Înf ljBdfg lyof] .

nf}lss ;+:s[tsf] eflifs lrGtgnfO{ prfOdf k'¥ofpg kfl0fgL, sfTofog, kt~hln / et{[xl/ h:tf ljåfGx¿sf] ct'ngLo of]ubfg /x]sf] 5. kfl0fgL ;Dk|bfosf …lqd'lgÚ -kfl0fgL, sfTofog / kt~hln_ sf] cfljef{jkl5 ;+:s[t eflifs lrGtgn] j}1flgs / bfz{lgs :j¿k u|x0f u¥of] .

$=^=! kfl0fgLk"j{sf] eflifs k[i7e"ld

kfl0fgLsf] pbo x'g'eGbf w]/} cl3b]lv g} ;+:s[t Jofs/0fsf] k/Dk/f cToGt} ;d[4 / Jojl:yt /x]sf] kfOG5. kfl0fgLk"j{sf @% eGbf a9L j}ofs/0fx¿sf] gfd ljleGg ;|f]tdf pNn]v x'g'n] ;+:s[t Jofs/0f cfsl:ds ljsf; geO{ Pp6f ;'bL3{ zf]wsf] kl/0ffd xf] eGg] k'li6 ub{5. o; ;Gbe{df lgDg kIfx¿ pNn]vgLo 5Gf\ M

 

P]G› ;Dk|bfosf] P]ltxfl;stfM kfl0fgLk"j{sf] eflifs lrGtgdf …P]G› ;Dk|bfoÚ nfO{ ;a}eGbf k|frLg / k|efjzfnL dflgG5. ÚtlQ/Lo ;+lxtfÚ df pNn]v ePcg';f/, b]jtfx¿sf] cg'/f]wdf b]j/fh OG›n] g} ;j{k|yd cljefHo jfs\ -jf0fL_ nfO{ k|s[lt / k|Toodf ljefhg u/L zAbsf] j}1flgs ljZn]if0f u/]sf lyP. To;}n] OG›nfO{ ;+;f/sf] klxnf] j}ofs/0f dflgG5. sftGq Jofs/0f h:tf kl5Nnf u|Gyx¿df klg o;} P]G› k/Dk/fsf] k|efj b]lvG5.

 

kfl0fgLåf/f lgb]{lzt bz cfrfo{x¿M kfl0fgLn] cfˆgf] ci6fWofoLdf cfkm"eGbf k"j{sf !) hgf ljlzi6 cfrfo{x¿sf] dtnfO{ cfb/k"j{s pNn]v u/]sf 5g\. oL cfrfo{x¿sf] gfdf]Nn]vn] kfl0fgLsf] ;dodf Jofs/0fsf ljleGg zfvfx¿ -Schools of Grammar_ cl:tTjdf /x]sf] ;Í]t ub{5M

!= cflkzlnM kfl0fgLn] logsf] Úljs/0fÚ ;DaGwL lgodsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

@= sfZokM logsf] ljz]if Jofs/l0fs dtsf] rrf{ ci6fWofoLdf kfOG5 .

#= ufUo{M logL kbkf7 / zAbsf] cy{ut ljZn]if0fdf lgk'0f dflgGy] .

$= ufnjM logn] kbx¿sf] ljlzi6 ljefhg / :j/ k|lqmofdf of]ubfg lbPsf lyP .

%= rqmjd{0fM logsf] gfd ljz]if u/L ;lGw / :j/sf] ;Gbe{df cfpF5 .

^= ef/åfhM logL kfl0fgLk"j{sf Ps k|efjzfnL cfrfo{ x'g\, h;sf] dt w]/} 7fpFdf p4[t 5 .

&= zfs6fogM logL Ú;a} zAbx¿ wft'af6} aG5g\Ú eGg] l;4fGtsf k|jn kIfkftL lyP, h;nfO{ kl5 of:sn] klg :jLsf/ u/] .

*= zfsNoM CUj]bsf] kbkf7 tof/ ug]{ >]o lognfO{ hfG5 .

(= ;]gsM logsf] dt ljz]if Jofs/l0fs ckjfbsf ¿kdf kfl0fgLn] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ .

!)= :kmf]6fogM lognfO{ Ú:kmf]6 l;4fGtÚ -zAbsf] lgTo cy{_ sf] k|f/lDes k|jt{s dflgG5 .

 

eflifs lg/Gt/tfM oL cfrfo{x¿sf ;fy} zfª\j/, ef/åfh, / sf}T:o h:tf j}ofs/0fx¿sf] lrGtgn] ;+:s[t efiffnfO{ lgoda4 agfpg] cfwf/ tof/ kf/]sf] lyof]. kfl0fgLn] oL ;a} dtx¿sf] ulx/f] cWoog / dGyg u/L Ps ;+lIfKt, j}1flgs / Jofks lgodsf] ;Ë|xsf ¿kdf Úci6fWofoLÚ sf] lgdf{0f u/] -l/;fn, @)!*_ .

 

o;/L x]bf{, kfl0fgLk"j{sf] sfnv08 s]jn gfdx¿sf] ;Ë|x dfq geO{ of] Wjlg, kb / cy{sf] ;"Id ljZn]if0fsf] Pp6f dxfg\ k|of]uzfnf lyof], h;sf] hudf kfl0fgLn] ljZjs} clåtLo Jofs/0fsf] dxn v8f u/].

$=^=@ kfl0fgL / ci6fWofoLsf] ;+/rgf

kfl0fgLsf] ;dosf af/]df ljåfGx¿aLr dt}So geP tfklg pgL k|frLg ef/tsf] …zfnft'/Ú -xfnsf] nfxf]/, kfls:tfg glhs_ df hlGdPsf x'g\ eGg]df w]/} ;xdt 5g\. kfl0fgLsf] d'Vo Jofs/l0fs u|Gy ci6fWofoL xf]. o;sf ;fy} kfl0fgLo lzIff, lå?ksf]z, wft'kf7, u0fkf7, lnËfg'zf;g h:tf ;xfos u|Gyx¿ klg pgs} /rgf dflgG5g\. ;+:s[t Jofs/0fsf kfFr cË -k~rfË Jofs/0f_ o; k|sf/ 5Gf\ M

!= ;"qkf7 -ci6fWofoL_

@= wft'kf7 -lqmofsf d"n ¿kx¿_

#= u0fkf7 -zAb ;d"xx¿_

$= kl/efiffkf7 -JofVofsf lgodx¿_

%= lnËfg'zf;g -lnË lgwf{/0fsf lgodx¿_

ci6fWofoLdf hDdf * cWofo / k|To]s cWofodf $ kfb u/L #@ kfbx¿ 5g\ . o;df nf}lss ;+:s[tsf lgodx¿nfO{ aLhul0ftLo ;"q h:t} ;+lIfKt / ;f/ule{t ¿kdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . o; u|Gydf nueu #,((# b]lv #,((% ;Dd ;"qx¿ /x]sf] dflgG5 -k/fh'nL, @)^(_ .

 

$=^=# sfTofog / kt~hlnM lqd'lg k/Dk/f 

kfl0fgLkl5sf] o'unfO{ …lqd'lg o'uÚ elgG5, hxfF ci6fWofoLnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL yk JofVof / kl/dfh{g ul/of].

*       sfTofog -jflt{ssf/_M sfTofognfO{ P]G› ;Dk|bfosf j}ofs/0f dflgG5. pgn] kfl0fgLsf ;"qx¿df /x]sf ck"0f{tfnfO{ k"/f ug{ / sltko ;"qx¿sf] ;+zf]wg ug{ …jflt{sÚ x¿sf] /rgf u/]. pgn] ci6fWofoLnfO{ a'‰g cem ;xh agfOlbP.

*       kt~hln -efiosf/_M O{=k"= t];|f]–klxnf] ztfAbLsf kt~hlnn] kfl0fgL / sfTofog b'j}sf ljrf/x¿nfO{ ;dGjo ub}{ …dxfefioÚ sf] /rgf u/]. dxfefio Jofs/0fsf] dfq u|Gy geO{ of] Ps dxfg\ bfz{lgs u|Gy klg xf]. kt~hlnn] Jofs/0fsf] kl/efiff, k|of]hg, :kmf]6 l;4fGt / zAb–cy{sf] ;DaGwdfly uxg ljj]rgf u/]sf 5g\. pgn] zAbnfO{ …lgToÚ dfg]sf 5g\ / efiffnfO{ cy{sf cfwf/df kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\.

$=^=$ kfl0fgL–pQ/ -pQ/–kfl0fgLo_ sfn

lqd'lgkl5 klg kfl0fgLo k/Dk/fnfO{ hLljt /fVg cg]sf}F ljåfGx¿n] of]ubfg lbP. o; sfnsf k|d'v j}ofs/0f / s[ltx¿ o; k|sf/ 5Gf\ M

;do÷ztfAbL	ljåfg\	k|d'v of]ubfg÷s[lt
%–& cf}F ztfAbL	et{[xl/	jfSokbLo -Jofs/0f bz{gsf] dxfg\ u|Gy_
& cf}F ztfAbL	hoflbTo / jfdg	sflzsfj[lQ -ci6fWofoLsf] 6Lsf_
!! cf}F ztfAbL	s}o6	dxfefio k|bLk
!^ cf}F ztfAbL	e§f]hL bLlIft	l;4fGt sf}d'bL
!& cf}F ztfAbL	j/b/fh	n3' l;4fGt sf}d'bL, dWo l;4fGt sf}d'bL

o;/L pQ/–kfl0fgLo o'usf ljåfGx¿n] j[lQ, 6Lsf / sf}d'bL u|Gyx¿ n]v]/ kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fnfO{ ;/n / hgdfg;df nf]slk|o agfpg] sfo{ u/] .

lgisif{df, nf}lss ;+:s[tsf] eflifs lrGtgn] kfl0fgLsf] j}1flgs ;"qa4tf, sfTofogsf] tfls{s kl/dfh{g / kt~hlnsf] bfz{lgs ufDeLo{sf sf/0f ljZj efifflj1fgs} If]qdf Ps clåtLo :yfg cf]u6]sf] 5 .

$=& j}lbs / nf}lss jfª\dosf] eflifs lrGtgM t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f

k"jL{o eflifs k/Dk/fdf j]bdf cfwfl/t eflifs lrGtgnfO{ …j}lbs o'uÚ / To;kl5sf] kl/dflh{t cj:yfnfO{ …nf}lss o'uÚ sf ¿kdf lnOG5. O{=k"= %)) lt/ kfl0fgLn] efiffnfO{ ;"qa4 u/]kl5 j}lbs efiff ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu s]xL sl7g / af]wuDo x'g 5f8\of], h;sf sf/0f nf}lss ;+:s[tsf] pbo eof]. oL b'O{ sfnv08sf eflifs ljz]iftf / lrGtg k4ltdf s]xL cfwf/e"t ;dfgtf / leGgtfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

$=&=! j}lbs / nf}lss eflifs lrGtgdf ;dfgtf

j}lbs / nf}lss b'j} o'usf] eflifs ;+/rgfdf lgDg ;dfgtfx¿ kfOG5Gf M

*                   k|s[lt–k|Toosf] kl/sNkgfM b'j} o'udf zAb lgdf{0fsf nflu k|s[lt -Root_ / k|Too -Suffix_ sf] ;+of]unfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . To;}n] oL b'j} efiff …lZni6 of]ufTdsÚ -Inflected_ k|s[ltsf 5g\ .

*                   wft'sf] k|wfgtfM zAbsf] Jo'TklQut cy{ vf]Hbf wft'sf] cy{nfO{ ;'/lIft /flvG5 .

*                   Jofs/l0fs sf]l6M b'j}df tLg lnË -k'lNnË, :qLlnË / gk'+;slnË_ / tLg jrg        -Psjrg, låjrg / ax'jrg_ sf] k|of]u kfOG5 .

*                   sf/s / ljelQmM b'j}df ;DaGw / ;Daf]wgafx]s ^ j6f sf/s / & j6f ljelQmx¿sf] k|of]u ;dfg ¿kdf ePsf] b]lvG5 .

$=&=@ j}lbs / nf}lss eflifs lrGtgdf leGgtf

j}lbs / nf}lss ;+:s[tsf aLrdf /x]sf k|d'v leGgtfx¿nfO{ lgDg tflnsfdf :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 M

ljz]iftf	j}lbs efiff÷lrGtg	nf}lss efiff÷lrGtg
:j/f3ft	;+uLtfTds :j/f3ft -Musical Accent_ sf] k|wfgtf.	anfTds :j/f3ft -Stress Accent_ sf] k|wfgtf.
pRrf/0f	x|:j, bL3{ / Kn't -Psdflqs, lådflqs, lqdflqs_ tLg}sf] k|of]u .	x|:j / bL3{sf] dfq k|of]u, Kn't k|foM x/fpFb} uPsf].
;lGw	;lGwsf] lgod P]lR5s -Optional_ x'g].	;lGwsf] lgod clgjfo{ -Compulsory_ x'g].
pk;u{	wft'eGbf aflx/ :jtGq k|of]u x'g ;Sg].	wft';Fu dfq hf]l8P/ cfpg], :jtGq cl:tTj g/x]sf].
nsf/ k|of]u	nª\, n'ª\ / ln6\ nsf/sf] k|of]u h'g;'s} sfndf x'g ;Sg].	oL nsf/x¿sf] k|of]u e"tsfn a'emfpg dfq ;Lldt .
wft' ¿k	Pp6} wft'sf] cg]sf}F ¿k / cy{df k|of]u x'g].	wft' ¿kdf ;Lldttf / lgodx¿sf] lgoldttf a9L .
k|Too	>]i7tfjfrs k|Too gfd;Fu klg nfUg] -h:t}M sljtdM_.	o:tf k|Too ljz]if0f;Fu dfq nfUg] -h:t}M ;'Gb/tdM_.

 

$=* cfw'lgs efifflj1fgsf] ;Gbe{ / jt{dfg cj:yf

cfhsf] o'udf eflifs lrGtg s]jn k|frLg Jofs/0fdf dfq ;Lldt 5}g . cfw'lgs efifflj1fgn] o;nfO{ ;fdflhs, dgf]j}1flgs / sDKo'6/ lj1fgsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 klg x]g]{ ub{5 .

*                   ;+/rgfTds kl/jt{gM j}lbs ;+:s[taf6 nf}lss ;+:s[t x'Fb} cfhsf cfw'lgs cfo{ efiffx¿ -g]kfnL, lxGbL cflb_ df cfOk'Ubf efiff …of]ufTdsÚ af6 …ljof]ufTdsÚ               -Analytic_ aGb} uPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;+:s[tdf Pp6} zAbdf ljelQm hf]l8GYof] eg] g]kfnLdf ljelQm / zAb 5'§} n]lvG5g\.

*                   låjrgsf] nf]kM j}lbs / nf}lss ;+:s[tsf] dxQ\jk"0f{ ljz]iftf …låjrgÚ cfw'lgs efiffx¿df nf]k eO;s]sf] 5. clxn] xfdL s]jn Psjrg / ax'jrg dfq k|of]u u5f}{F.

*                   Wjlgut ;/nLs/0fM j}lbs sfnsf hl6n Wjlgx¿ -h:t}M …n[Ú jf hl6n :j/f3ft_ cfw'lgs ;dodf x/fO;s]sf 5g\. efiff hl6ntfaf6 ;/ntflt/ pGd'v ePsf] 5.

*                   sDKo'6/ / kfl0fgLo Jofs/0fM cfw'lgs sDKo'6/ k|f]u|fldª / cfl6{lkml;on OG6]lnh]G;    -AI_ sf nflu kfl0fgLsf] Úci6fWofoLÚ nfO{ ljZjs} pTs[i6 / j}1flgs k4lt dflgPsf] 5. o;n] ubf{ k|frLg nf}lss lrGtg cfhsf] l8lh6n o'udf klg plQs} ;fGble{s ag]sf] 5.

j}lbs jfª\don] eflifs lrGtgsf] aLh /f]Kg] sfd u¥of] eg] nf}lss o'un] To;nfO{ Pp6f dha't j[Ifsf ¿kdf v8f u¥of]. of:ssf] …lg?QmÚ / kfl0fgLsf] …ci6fWofoLÚ h:tf u|Gyx¿n] tof/ kf/]sf] hud} cfhsf] cfw'lgs efifflj1fg plePsf] 5. k|frLg ;dosf] Tof] bfz{lgs ulx/fO / Jofs/l0fs z'4tf g} cfhsf efiffx¿sf] hggL xf].

%= lgisif{ -Conclusion_

dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;qmddf efiff ljrf/ ljlgdosf] cfwf/e"t dfWodsf ¿kdf /x] tfklg o;sf] ;}4flGts / k4ltk/s cGj]if0fsf] Oltxf; lgs} k|frLg / ;d[4 /x]sf] 5  . k|:t't cWoogsf cfwf/df k"jL{o eflifs lrGtgsf] k/Dk/f cToGt} Jojl:yt, j}1flgs / ljZjs} h]7f] /x]sf] lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsG5 . O{=k"= !%)) b]lvsf] j}lbs o'ub]lv ;'? ePsf] of] ofqfn] nf}lss ;+:s[tsf] sfnv08;Dd cfOk'Ubf k"0f{tf k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

j}lbs jfª\do cGtu{tsf ;+lxtf, a|fXd0f, cf/0os / pklgifb\x¿n] efiffnfO{ s]jn ;~rf/sf] dfWod dfq geO{ bfz{lgs / a|Xdf08Lo zlQmsf ¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf 5g\ . CUj]bsf] …jfS;"QmÚ b]lv pklgifb\sf] …cIf/ a|XdÚ ;Ddsf] lrGtgn] zAbsf] lgTo / clgTo :j¿knfO{ ulx/fOsf ;fy phfu/ u/]sf] 5 . ljz]if u/L …lzIffÚ / …Jofs/0fÚ h:tf j]bfËx¿n] Wjlg lj1fg / kb ;+/rgfsf] h'g hu a;fn], To;}sf] cfwf/df of:ssf] …lg?QmÚ n] zAbsf] Jo'TklQ / cy{lj1fgnfO{ gofF cfofd k|bfg u/]sf] kfOG5 .

nf}lss ;+:s[tsf] o'udf k|j]z u/]kl5 eflifs lrGtgdf qmflGtsf/L kl/jt{g cfPsf] b]lvG5 . kfl0fgLsf] …ci6fWofoLÚ n] efiffnfO{ ;"qa4 u/L ljZjs} ;a}eGbf j}1flgs Jofs/0fsf] gd'gf k|:t't u/]sf] 5. kfl0fgL, sfTofog / kt~hln -lqd'lg_ sf] lqsf]0ffTds of]ubfgn] ;+:s[t efiffnfO{ Pp6f dfgs :j¿k k|bfg ug{'sf ;fy} cfw'lgs efifflj1fgsf Wjlg, kb, jfSo / cy{lj1fgsf If]qdf 7f]; cfwf/lznf v8f u/]sf] 5 . pQ/–kfl0fgL sfnsf et{[xl/ h:tf lrGtsn] …:kmf]6 l;4fGtÚ dfkm{t efiff / cy{sf] ;DaGwnfO{ bfz{lgs prfOdf k'¥ofPsf 5g\ .

cGttM, k|frLg k"jL{o eflifs lrGtg s]jn k/Dk/fut Jofs/0fdf dfq ;Lldt 5}gÙ o;n] cfw'lgs efifflj1fgsf ;+/rgfTds, t'ngfTds / j0f{gfTds k4ltx¿nfO{ ;d]t dfu{lgb]{zg u/]sf] 5. cfhsf] l8lh6n o'u / sDKo'6];gn lnË\o'Ol:6S; -Computational Linguistics_ df ;d]t kfl0fgLo ;"qx¿sf] ;fGble{stf sfod /xg'n] xfd|f] k|frLg eflifs lj/f;tsf] dxQfnfO{ yk k'li6 ub{5 . ctM k"jL{o eflifs lrGtg ljZj efifflj1fgsf] hggL / k|]/0ffsf] ;|f]tsf ¿kdf cIf'00f /x]sf] lgisif{ o; cWoogn] k|:t't ub{5 .

 

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L -References_

cfrfo{, nf]s/fh -@)^#_= k|f}9 /rgf / cleJolQm= sf7df8f}FM k}/jL k|sfzg.

 

cfrfo{, lji0f' / e';fn, ljZjf; -@)&)_= efifflj1fgsf k|d'v l;4fGt= sLlt{k'/M :6'8]G6 a'S;.

 

pkfWofo, huGgfy -@)%)_= ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] Oltxf;= jf/f0f;LM zf/bf ;bg.

 

l3ld/], k'?iff]Qd -@)*)_= k"j{df 1fg tyf klZrddf lj1fgsf nflu ;+/lrt j]b= -ck|sflzt n]v÷;fdu|L_.

 

9sfn, dltk|;fb -@)%^_= k|f/lDes ;+:s[t Jofs/0f / /rgf= tgx'FM efg' ;+:s[t ljBfkL7.

 

k/fh'nL, dfwjk|;fb -@)^)_= ;+:s[t Jofs/0f / efifflj1fg= nlntk'/M ;femf k|sfzg.

 

k/fh'nL, nf]sk|;fb -@)^(_= k"jL{o tyf kfZrfTo efiff–lrGtg= sf7df8f}FM ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/.

 

kf]v/]n, afns[i0f -@)#$_= Wjlg lj1fg= sf7df8f}FM g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg.

 

e08f/L, kf/;dl0f / kf]v/]n, s]zjk|;fb -@)&%_= k"jL{o eflifs lrGtg= sf7df8f}FM g]kfn v'nf ljZjljBfno.

 

et{[xl/ -@)%%_= jfSokbLod\ -a|Xdsf08_ -s= låj]bL, cg'= Pj+ ;+=_= jf/f0f;LM ljZjljBfno k|sfzg.

 

l/;fn, sf}lznf -@)!*_= j}lbs tyf nf}lss ;+:s[tdf eflifs lrGtg / kfl0fgL o'u= ;dLIffM g]kfnL ;flxTo ef/L.

 

zdf{, uf]kLgfy -@)^%_= g]kfnL lzIffsf] Oltxf;= sf7df8f}FM dsfn' k|sfzg .

 

zdf{, /d]zs'df/ -@)^)_= j}lbs ;flxTo tyf b[ZosfJosf] Oltxf;= gofF lbNnLM lbNnL ljZjljBfno.

 

Sastri, Gaurinath -!(*)_= The philosophy of word and meaning= Calcutta, IndiaM Sanskrit College=

 

YouTube. (2020, May 15). Sanskrit grammar and linguistic thought [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NHdJFnIAZJI