स्फोट दर्शनका आधारमा शब्द र अर्थको सम्बन्ध
:kmf]6 bz{gsf cfwf/df zAb / cy{sf] ;DaGw
n]vsM efujt b]j e§
n]v ;f/ -Abstract_
k|:t't zf]wd"ns n]v k"jL{o efiffj}1flgs lrGtgsf] cfwf/:tDe
dflgg] Ú:kmf]6 bz{gÚ sf] ;}4flGts / bfz{lgs ljZn]if0fdf s]lG›t 5 . efiff lj1fg
/ Jofs/0f zf:qsf] If]qdf :kmf]6 bz{gn] WjGofTds k|tLs / cy{tTj aLrsf] ce]B
;DaGwnfO{ phfu/ ub{5 . o; cWoogdf efiffsf] cfGtl/s ;+/rgf, zAbsf] lgTo :j¿k /
cy{ k|:km'6gsf] k|lqmofnfO{ ;"Id ¿kdf s]nfOPsf] 5 .
ljz]iftM kfl0fgLo Jofs/0f k/Dk/fb]lv cfrfo{ et{[xl/sf] ÚjfSokbLoÚ ;Dd
cfOk'Ubf ljsl;t ePsf] :kmf]6sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ oxfF lj:t[t ¿kdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
n]vdf Úcjª\ :kmf]6fog:oÚ h:tf k|frLg ;"qx¿sf] cfnf]sdf :kmf]6sf] k|frLgtf
/ k|fdfl0fstf k'li6 ub}{ jf0fLsf rf/ cj:yfx¿ -k/f, kZoGtL, dWodf / j}v/L_
dfkm{t zAbn] s;/L cy{sf] cleJolQm u5{ eGg] s'/fsf] ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . Ifl0fs
Wjlgx¿ -WjGofTds j0f{_ ;dfKt eP tfklg dfgj dl:tisdf s;/L Pp6f cv08 / cljefHo
Ú:kmf]6Ú n] cy{sf] af]w u/fpF5 eGg] dgf]j}1flgs kIfnfO{ klg o; n]vdf ;d]l6Psf]
5 .
cGttM, :kmf]6 bz{gn] zAb / cy{sf] ;DaGwnfO{ s]jn ;+of]u dfq gdfgL Ps
lgTo / tfbfTDo ;DaGwsf ¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf] lgisif{ k|:t't ub}{, o;n] cfw'lgs
efiff lj1fgsf Ú;fOgÚ -Sign_ / Úl;lUgkmfO8Ú -Signified_ h:tf cjwf/0ffnfO{ s;/L
k"j{;+s]t u/]sf] lyof] eGg] ljifodf ;d]t of] n]vn] k|sfz kf/]sf] 5 .
d'Vo zAbx¿ -Keywords_M :kmf]6 bz{g, zAba|Xd, jfSokbLo,
cy{ k|:km'6g, lgTo ;DaGw, k"jL{o efiff lj1fg .
!= ljifo k|j]z -Introduction_
dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf; / ;fdflhs cGt/lqmofsf] d]?b08sf ¿kdf efiff /x]sf] 5
. ;fdfGo cy{df efiffnfO{ ljrf/ ljlgdosf] k|d'v dfWod dfq dflgP tfklg
k"jL{o lrGtg k/Dk/fdf o;sf] :j¿k cToGt Jofks / cfWoflTds 5 . dfgjn] ;dfhdf
Jojxf/ ubf{ cfˆgf cfGtl/s efjx¿nfO{ cleJoQm ug{ / k/fO{sf cleJolQmx¿nfO{ af]w
ug{ efiffs} ;xf/f lng] ub{5 .
eflifs k|lqmofsf] k|f/De dfgjsf] zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s k|oTgaf6 x'G5 .
kmf]S;f]af6 lgl:sPsf] jfo' ha s07, tfn', lhXjf cflb pRrf/0f cjojx¿;Fu 7f]lSsP/
Wjlgsf ¿kdf aflx/ lg:sG5, ta To;n] j0f{, cIf/ / zAbsf] qmlds ¿k wf/0f ub{5 .
t/, s]jn Wjlg dfq efiff xf]OgÙ ha tL Wjlgx¿df lglZrt cy{ k|bfg ug]{ Ifdtf jf
zlQm cGtlg{lxt x'G5, ta dfq To;n] ÚefiffÚ sf] k"0f{tf k|fKt ub{5 .
k"jL{o / kfZrfTo b'j} huTdf efiffsf] k|s[lt / o;sf] sfo{k|0ffnLsf
af/]df k|frLg sfnb]lv g} uxg ljdz{x¿ x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . kfZrfTo lrGtgdf
efiffnfO{ k|foM ;Í]t / ;+/rgfsf] ¿kdf x]l/Psf] kfOG5 eg] k"jL{o dgLlifx¿n]
efiffnfO{ r]tgfsf] cleGg cË / ÚzAba|XdÚ sf ¿kdf JofVof u/]sf 5g\ . oxL
k"jL{o eflifs lrGtgsf] ljzfn kmfF6df Ú:kmf]6 bz{gÚ Pp6f o:tf] ljlzi6 /
qmflGtsf/L l;4fGt xf], h;n] WjGofTds k|tLs / To;n] a'emfpg] cy{sf aLrdf /x]sf]
;"Id / lgTo ;DaGwsf] tflTjs ljZn]if0f ub{5 .
k|:t't n]vdf zAbsf] Ifl0fs ef}lts :j¿k -Wjlg_ / To;n] dfg;k6ndf
k|:km'6g u/fpg] :yfoL ljrf/ -:kmf]6_ aLrsf] åGåfTds tyf ;dGjofTds kIfnfO{ cfwf/
dfg]/ :kmf]6 bz{gsf] ;fGble{stf / o;sf] Jofks If]qsf] lg¿k0f ul/Psf] 5 .
@= ;d:ofsf] syg -Statement of the Problem_
efiffsf] bfz{lgs ljZn]if0fdf ÚzAbÚ / Úcy{Ú sf] ;DaGw ;b}j Pp6f hl6n /
uxg k|Zgsf ¿kdf /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;fdfGotof xfdLn] pRrf/0f ug]{ Wjlgx¿ j0f{sf
;d"x x'g\, hf] pRrf/0f x'gf;fy ljgi6 eP/ hfG5g\ . t/, tL Ifl0fs Wjlgx¿af6
Pp6f cv08 / lglZrt cy{sf] af]w s;/L ;Dej x'G5 eGg] ljifo g} eflifs lrGtgsf]
d'Vo s]G›ljGb' xf] .
oxL ;Gbe{df :kmf]6jfbL j}ofs/0fx¿n] WjlgnfO{ afXo :j¿k / :kmf]6nfO{
cfGtl/s Pj+ cy{jf]ws :j¿ksf ¿kdf JofVof u/]sf 5g\ . k|frLg sfnb]lv g}
Clifdlgifx¿n] o; ljifodf ljdz{ u/] tfklg cfw'lgs efiff j}1flgs kl/k|]Iodf
:kmf]6 bz{gsf] tflTjs :j¿k / o;n] JofVof ug]{ zAb–cy{sf] lgTo ;DaGwnfO{ k'gM
kl/eflift ug{' cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . o;} k[i7e"lddf k|:t't cWoogn] lgDg
;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|oTg u/]sf] 5 M
· :kmf]6 bz{gsf]
jf:tljs :j¿k / o;sf] bfz{lgs cfwf/ s] xf] <
· :kmf]6 bz{gsf]
l;4fGt cg';f/ Ifl0fs Wjlg / lgTo cy{ -zAb / cy{_ aLrsf] ;DaGw s;/L :yflkt x'G5
<
#= cWoogsf] p2]Zo -Objectives of the Study_
eflifs lrGtgsf] Oltxf;df zAb / cy{sf] ;DaGwnfO{ ;"qa4 ug]{ ljleGg
k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\ . ljz]ifu/L k"jL{o j}ofs/0fx¿n] Wjlgsf] ef}lts cl:tTjeGbf
k/ cy{af]w u/fpg] Pp6f ;"Id / cv08 tTjsf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf 5g\, h;nfO{
Ú:kmf]6Ú elgG5 . cfw'lgs efiff lj1fgn] WjlgnfO{ k|wfgtf lbP tfklg :kmf]6 bz{gn]
eg] cy{sf] k|:km'6g x'g] cfGtl/s k|lqmofnfO{ a9L dxQ\j lbG5 . o; bz{gsf] k|fl1s
ul/df / o;n] zAb–cy{sf] ;DaGwnfO{ x]g]{ gjLg b[li6sf]0fnfO{ :ki6 kfg{' o;
cWoogsf] d'Vo Wo]o xf] .
o;} ;Gbe{nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ k|:t't cWoogsf p2]Zox¿ lgDgcg';f/ lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf 5g\ M
· :kmf]6 bz{gsf]
P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld, o;sf] cfwf/e"t kl/ro / ;}4flGts cjwf/0ffsf] ;3g
cWoog ug{' .
· :kmf]6 bz{gsf
ljleGg cfofdx¿nfO{ s]nfpFb} zAb / cy{ aLrsf] lgTo Pj+ cljefHo ;DaGwsf] lj:t[t
ljZn]if0f ug{' .
$= cWoogsf] dxQ\j -Significance of the Study_
s'g} klg k|fl1s cg';Gwfgsf] ;fy{stf To;n] 1fgsf] e08f/df k'¥ofpg]
of]ubfgdf lge{/ /xG5 . :kmf]6 bz{g s]jn Pp6f Jofs/l0fs lgod dfq geO{ of] efiff,
dgf]lj1fg / bz{gsf] Pp6f ;+ud :yn xf] . jt{dfg ;dodf efiffnfO{ s]jn ef}lts
Wjlgsf ¿kdf dfq x]g]{ ef}ltsjfbL b[li6sf]0f xfaL eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df o; cWoogn]
efiffsf] cef}lts / lgTo :j¿knfO{ phfu/ ug]{ x'gfn] o;sf] ljz]if dxQ\j /x]sf] 5
.
o; cWoogsf ax'cfoflds dxQ\jnfO{ lgDg a'Fbfx¿df :ki6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M
· k"jL{o eflifs
lrGtgsf] k'ghf{u/0f M o; cWoogn] kfl0fgL, et{[xl/ / gfu]z e§h:tf dxfg\
dgLlifx¿n] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] :kmf]6 l;4fGtsf] uDeL/tfnfO{ cfw'lgs o'udf k'gM
JofVof ub}{ k"jL{o eflifs lrGtgsf] >]i7tf l;4 ug{ d2t ub{5 .
· zAb / cy{sf]
;"Id ;DaGwsf] af]wM Wjlgx¿ Ifl0fs x'G5g\ t/ cy{ s;/L :yfoL x'G5 < eGg]
k|Zgsf] pQ/ vf]Hb} o; cWoogn] zAb / cy{ aLrsf] cljefHo / lgTo ;DaGwnfO{ tfls{s
¿kdf :ki6 kfg]{5 .
· k|fl1s tyf z}lIfs
pkfb]otfM efiff lj1fgsf ljBfyL{, k|fWofks / cg';Gwfgstf{x¿sf nflu of] cWoog Pp6f
e/kbf]{ dfu{lgb]{zs ;fdu|L -Reference Material_ aGg ;S5 .
ljz]iftM Ú;]dflG6S;Ú -Semantics_ jf cy{lj1fgsf] If]qdf ?lr /fVg]x¿sf
nflu of] cWoog sf]z]9'Ëf ;fljt x'g]5 .
· dgf]–eflifs
ljZn]if0fM :kmf]6 bz{gn] afXo Wjlgsf] ;f6f] dfgl;s k|:km'6gnfO{ hf]8
lbg] x'gfn] o;n] efiff / dl:tissf] ;DaGwnfO{ a'‰g rfxg] dgf]j}1flgsx¿sf nflu
;d]t gofF b[li6 k|bfg ub{5 .
· k|frLg / cfw'lgs lrGtgsf]
;]t'M of] cWoogn] k|frLg :kmf]6jfb / cfw'lgs efiff j}1flgs l;4fGtx¿ aLrsf]
t'ngfTds cWoogsf nflu Pp6f alnof] cfwf/ tof/ kfb{5, h;n] ubf{ efiffsf]
k"0f{ / ;du| a'emfOdf ;xof]u k'Ug]5 .
%= cWoog ljlw -Research Methodology_
s'g} klg cg';GwfgnfO{ tfls{s lgisif{df k'¥ofpg / k|fKt glthfsf]
ljZj;gLotf ;'lglZrt ug{ Ps lglZrt k4ltsf] cfjZostf kb{5. k|:t't cWoog :kmf]6
bz{g h:tf] uxg / bfz{lgs ljifodf s]lG›t /x]sfn] o;nfO{ k"0f{tf lbg lgDg
cWoog ljlwx¿ cjnDag ul/Psf] 5M
·
JofVofTds tyf ljZn]if0ffTds ljlwM o; cWoogdf :kmf]6
bz{gsf ljleGg l;4fGt / dfGotfx¿nfO{ :ki6 kfg{ JofVofTds ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/Psf]
5. k|fKt tYox¿nfO{ s]jn k|:t't dfq gu/L ltgsf] bfz{lgs / efiffj}1flgs cfwf/df
ljZn]if0f;d]t ul/Psf] 5 .
·
k':tsfnoLo sfo{ -Library Research_M of] cWoog
k"0f{tM k':tsfnoLo sfo{df cfwfl/t 5. o;sf nflu ljleGg k':tsfnodf pknAw
k|frLg x:tlnlvt u|Gy, k|dfl0ft k':ts / zf]wkqx¿sf] uxg cWoog ul/Psf] 5 .
·
låtLos ;|f]tsf] pkof]u -Use
of Secondary Sources_M k|:t't cWoogsf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ k|fylds ;|f]tsf
;fy} d'Vo ¿kdf låtLos ;|f]tx¿af6 ;Íng ul/Psf] 5 . o; cGtu{t :kmf]6 bz{g;Fu
;DalGwt ljleGg ljåfg\sf s[ltx¿, ;dfnf]rgfTds k':tsx¿, k|fl1s hg{nx¿, / k|ltli7t
kqklqsfx¿df k|sflzt cg';GwfgfTds n]vx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 .
· u'0ffTds k4lt -Qualitative
Approach_M :kmf]6 bz{g cd"t{ / bfz{lgs ljifo ePsfn] o;
cWoogdf kl/df0ffTds -Quantitative_ tYofÍsf] ;§f u'0ffTds k4ltsf] ;xf/f lnOPsf]
5. o;n] zAb / cy{aLrsf] tflTjs ;DaGwnfO{ j}rfl/s ulx/fOaf6 a'‰g ;xof]u
k'¥ofPsf] 5.
^= :kmf]6 bz{gsf] kl/ro -Introduction to Sphota
Philosophy_
k"jL{o eflifs lrGtgsf] Oltxf;df :kmf]6 bz{g Pp6f clåtLo /
qmflGtsf/L l;4fGt xf] . o;n] efiffnfO{ s]jn ef}lts Wjlgsf] ;d"x dfq gdfgL
To;nfO{ Pp6f cef}lts, lgTo / cy{af]ws tTjsf ¿kdf JofVof ub{5 . :kmf]6 bz{gsf]
lj:t[t :j¿knfO{ lgDg kIfx¿af6 a'‰g ;lsG5 M
^=! Jo'TklQ / kl/efiff -Etymology and Definition_
Ú:kmf]6Ú zAbsf] lgdf{0f ;+:s[tsf] Ú:km'6\Ú
wft'df Ú3`\Ú k|Too nfu]/ ePsf] xf], h;sf] zflAbs cy{ Úk|:km'6g x'g'Ú, Úljsl;t
x'g'Ú jf Úk|s6 x'g'Ú x'G5. efiff lj1fgsf] k|fljlws ;Gbe{df :kmf]6nfO{ b'O{j6f
d'Vo b[li6sf]0faf6 kl/eflift ug]{ ul/Psf] 5. klxnf]— æ:km'6lt cyf]{˜:dft\ Olt
:kmf]6MÆ cyf{t\ h;af6 cy{sf] k|:km'6g x'G5 jf h;n] ;'Gg] lalQs} cy{sf] af]w
u/fpF5, Tof] g} :kmf]6 xf]. o; kl/efiffn] :kmf]6nfO{ cy{sf] ÚjfrsÚ jf Úk|sfzsÚ
tTjsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ub{5. bf];|f]— æJoHot] j0f}{M oM ; :kmf]6MÆ cyf{t\ h'g tTj
ljleGg j0f{ / Wjlgx¿åf/f cleJoQm x'G5, To;nfO{ :kmf]6 elgG5. o;n] s] :ki6 kf5{
eg] xfd|f pRrf/0f cjojx¿af6 lg:sg] Wjlgx¿ ;fwg dfq x'g\, hals tL Wjlgx¿n]
cleJoQm ug]{ cfGtl/s / cv08 tTj g} jf:tljs :kmf]6 xf] .
bfz{lgs ¿kdf :kmf]6nfO{ Pp6f o:tf] dfgl;s
;Qf dflgG5, h;n] Ifl0fs Wjlgx¿nfO{ Pp6f cy{k"0f{ PsfOdf afFWg] sfo{ ub{5.
;fdfGo eflifs Jojxf/df ÚsdnÚ eGbf pRrf/0f x'g] ÚsÚ, ÚdÚ / ÚnÚ Wjlgx¿ qmd};Fu
pTkGg eO{ gi6 x'G5g\, t/ tL Wjlgx¿sf] clGtd ;+:sf/n] >f]tfsf] dfg;k6ndf Pp6f
l:y/ Úcfs[ltÚ jf Úcjwf/0ffÚ lgdf{0f ub{5 . ToxL cy{o'Qm cfGtl/s gfb jf Úaf}4
:j¿kÚ g} :kmf]6 xf]. :kmf]6jfbL j}ofs/0fx¿sf cg';f/ :kmf]6 lgTo / cv08 x'G5,
h;n] zAb / cy{aLrsf] tfbfTDo ;DaGwnfO{ Jojl:yt ub{5. ctM :kmf]6 s]jn Wjlgsf]
;d"x dfq geP/ dfgj r]tgfdf k|:km'6g x'g] Pp6f lbJo / eflifs Hof]lt xf],
h;n] afXo huTsf j:t'x¿nfO{ zAbsf dfWodaf6 klxrfg lbnfpF5 .
^=@ P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld -Historical Background_
:kmf]6 l;4fGtsf] P]ltxfl;s h/f] cToGt
k|frLg /x]sf] 5, h;sf] ;'Jojl:yt ljsf;qmd k"jL{o Jofs/0f zf:q / bz{gsf]
nfdf] k/Dk/f;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . :kmf]6 zAbsf] k|fljlws / zf:qf]Qm pNn]v ;j{k|yd
dxlif{ kfl0fgLsf] Úci6fWofoLÚ cGtu{tsf] ;"q …cjª\ :kmf]6fog:oÚ -^=!=!@#_
df k|fKt x'G5 . o; ;"qn] kfl0fgLeGbf k"j{ g} Ú:kmf]6fogÚ gfds
cfrfo{n] :kmf]6sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ eflifs lrGtgsf] s]G›df /flv;s]sf] P]ltxfl;s
tYonfO{ k|dfl0ft ub{5 . :kmf]6fog ClifnfO{ sltko ljåfg\n] :kmf]6jfbsf
cflb–k|jt{ssf ¿kdf ;d]t :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\, h;n] Wjlgsf] Ifl0fstfeGbf k/ zAbsf]
lgTo :j¿ksf] kl/sNkgf u/]sf lyP .
kfl0fgLkZrft\ :kmf]6sf] cjwf/0ffnfO{
;}4flGts :ki6tf k|bfg ug]{ sfo{df dxlif{ kt~hlnsf] of]ubfg ct'ngLo 5 . pgn]
cfˆgf] ljlzi6 u|Gy ÚdxfefioÚ df :kmf]6 / Wjlgsf aLrsf] leGgtfnfO{ :ki6 kfb}{
eg]sf 5g\ ls Ú:kmf]6Ú zAbsf] jf:tljs / :yfoL :j¿k xf] eg] ÚWjlgÚ To; :kmf]6nfO{
cleJoQm ug]{ u'0f jf dfWod dfq xf] . oBlk, kt~hlnsf] ;do;Dd :kmf]6 Pp6f
Jofs/l0fs l;4fGtsf ¿kdf dfq ;Lldt lyof], t/ o;nfO{ a[xt\ bfz{lgs / a|Xdf08Lo
:j¿k k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ eg] cfrfo{ et{[xl/ -t];|f]÷rf}yf] ztfAbL_ af6 ;DkGg eof] .
et{[xl/n] cfˆgf] sfnhoL s[lt ÚjfSokbLoÚ dfkm{t
:kmf]6jfbnfO{ s]jn Jofs/0fsf] 3]/fdf dfq ;Lldt g/fvL o;nfO{ ÚzAba|XdÚ sf]
pRrtd\ bfz{lgs w/ftndf k|ltli7t u/fpg'eof] . pgn] :kmf]6nfO{ r]tgfsf] cleGg cË
/ ;f/f hut\sf] ;[li6sf] cfwf/sf ¿kdf JofVof ub}{ Úcv08 :kmf]6Ú sf] l;4fGt
k|ltkfbg ug{'eof] . et{[xl/kZrft\ klg d08g ld> -:kmf]6l;l4_, sf}08e§
-j}ofs/0fe"if0f;f/_ / gfu]z e§ -d~h"iff_ h:tf ljåfg\x¿n] :kmf]6
l;4fGtnfO{ yk tfls{s / kl/is[t agfpg] sfo{ u/] . o;/L k|frLg Clifx¿sf
;"qaf6 k|f/De ePsf] :kmf]6 lrGtgn] et{[xl/sf] ;do;Dd cfOk'Ubf Pp6f
k"0f{ / :jtGq eflifs bz{gsf] ¿k wf/0f u¥of], h;n] cfhsf] cfw'lgs efiff
lj1fgnfO{ ;d]t lrGtgsf gofF kf6fx¿ k|bfg ul//x]sf] 5 .
^=# zAba|Xdsf] cjwf/0ff -Concept of Shabda–Brahman_
k"jL{o bz{gdf a|XdnfO{ k/d ;To dflgP tfklg cfrfo{ et{[xl/n]
Jofs/0f zf:qnfO{ s]jn efiffsf] lgoddf dfq ;Lldt g/fvL o;nfO{ df]Ifsf] åf/ /
k/dtTj k|flKtsf] ;fwgsf ¿kdf k|ltli7t ug{'ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf cg';f/ of] ;f/f
a|Xdf08sf] d"n tTj ÚzAbÚ xf], To;}n] o;nfO{ ÚzAba|XdÚ elgPsf] xf] .
et{[xl/n] cfˆgf] clåtLo u|Gy ÚjfSokbLoÚ sf] dËnfr/0fd} zAba|Xdsf] dlxdf
o;/L ufg ug{'ePsf] 5 M
cgflblgwg+ a|Xd
zAbtQ\j+ obIf/d\ .
ljjt{t]˜y{efj]g
k|lqmof hutf] otM .. -jfSokbLo !=!_
o; sfnhoL Znf]sn] zAba|Xdsf lgDg ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ phfu/ ub{5 M
cgflblgwg -Eternal_M zAba|Xdsf] g cflb -;'?jft_ 5, g t lgwg
-cGTo_ g} 5 . of] sfneGbf k/sf] lgTo tTj xf] .
cIf/ -Imperishable_M ef}lts Wjlgx¿
pTkGg eP/ t'?Gt} gi6 x'G5g\, t/ zAba|Xdsf] cfGtl/s ;Qf ÚcIf/Ú cyf{t\ slxNo} gfz
gx'g] k|s[ltsf] x'G5 .
ljjt{ -Manifestation_M j]bfGt bz{gdf
Úljjt{Ú zAbsf] cy{ x'G5— j:t'sf] :j¿kdf kl/jt{g geO{ km/s ¿kdf b]lvg' . zAba|Xd
g} cy{sf ¿kdf ljjlt{t eP/ of] b[Zo hut\sf] ¿kdf k|s6 ePsf] 5 .
^=#=!= zAba|Xd / :kmf]6sf] tfbfTDo
et{[xl/sf] bz{gdf Ú:kmf]6Ú / ÚzAba|XdÚ leGg s'/f xf]Ogg\ . :kmf]6 g}
Tof] zAba|Xdsf] jfrs :j¿k xf] h;n] cy{sf] k|:km'6g u/fpF5 . afXo huTsf
;Dk"0f{ kbfy{x¿ zAbd} ;dflxt 5g\ / zAblagf s'g} klg 1fg ;Dej 5}g eGg]
pgsf] b[9 dfGotf 5 . pgn] eg]sf 5G— æg ;f]˜l:t k|Toof] nf]s] oM zAbfg'udfb[t]æ
cyf{t\ ;+;f/df o:tf] s'g} klg 1fg jf k|Too 5}g, hf] zAb;Fu ghf]l8Psf] xf];\ .
^=#=@= cå}tjfbL b[li6sf]0f
zAba|Xdsf] cjwf/0ffn] efiffnfO{ Ps cfWoflTds w/ftn k|bfg ub{5 . oxfF
zAb / cy{sf] ;DaGw nf}lss jf s[lqd geO{ lgTo / :jfefljs 5 . h;/L Pp6f aLhdf
ljzfn j[If n's]sf] x'G5, To;}u/L zAba|Xddf of] ;Dk"0f{ ;[li6sf] cy{ /
cl:tTj n's]sf] x'G5 . ha xfdL s'g} zAb pRrf/0f u5f}{F, ta xfd|f] cfGtl/s
r]tgfdf /x]sf] :kmf]6 -zAba|Xdsf] c+z_ hfu[t x'G5 / To;n] afXo j:t'sf] 1fg
u/fpF5 . ctM zAba|Xd g} Tof] k/d zlQm xf], h;n] dflg;sf] cfGtl/s r]tgf / afXo
;+;f/sf aLrdf ;]t'sf] sfo{ ub}{ 1fgsf] Hof]lt km}nfpF5 .
^=$ jf0fLsf rf/ cj:yf / :kmf]6sf] :yfg -Four Levels of
Speech and the Place of Sphota_
:kmf]6 bz{gsf cg';f/ efiffsf] cleJolQm Pp6f qmlds / ;f]kfgut k|lqmof
xf], h;n] r]tgfsf] ;"Idtd laGb'b]lv afXo ef}lts Wjlg;Ddsf] ofqf to ub{5 .
CUj]b -!=!^$=$%_ df elgPsf] 5— ærTjfl/ jfs\ kl/ldtf kbflg, tflg ljb'a|f{Xd0ff
o] dgLlif0fMÆ cyf{t\ jf0fLsf rf/ r/0fx¿ x'G5g\, h;nfO{ s]jn cGtb{[li6 ePsf
ljåfg\x¿n] dfq k"0f{ ¿kdf a'‰g ;S5g\ . oL rf/ cj:yfx¿nfO{ lgDgcg';f/
lj:t[t ¿kdf ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 M
^=$=!= k/f -Para_
of] jf0fLsf] ;jf]{kl/, ;"Idtd / cJoQm cj:yf xf] . of]u bz{g / tGq
zf:qsf cg';f/ o;sf] s]G› z/L/sf] Úd"nfwf/ rqmÚ df /xG5 .
k|s[ltM k/f jf0fL k"0f{tM lgikGb -sDkg/lxt_ / s]jn r}tGodo x'G5 .
oxfF zAb / cy{sf] s'g} leGgtf x'Fb}gÙ tL b'j} Ps} 7fpFdf aLh¿kdf /xG5g\ .
:kmf]6sf] :yfgM o;nfO{ :kmf]6sf] Úsf/0f cj:yfÚ dflgG5 . of] ;fdfGo
dfgjsf] af]weGbf aflx/sf] s'/f xf], h;nfO{ s]jn ;dflw:y of]uLx¿n] dfq ;fIffTsf/
ug{ ;S5g\ . of] efiffsf] Tof] ljGb' xf] hxfF ljrf/sf] hGd x'g'eGbf cl3sf] Údf}g
zlQmÚ ljBdfg /xG5 .
^=$=@= kZoGtL -Pashyanti_
kZoGtLsf] zflAbs cy{ x'G5— Úb]Vg] cj:yfÚ -Visualizing stage_ . ha k/f
jf0fLdf :kGbg k}bf x'G5 / Tof] gfles]G› -dl0fk'/ rqm_ ;Dd psfnf] nfU5, ta Tof]
kZoGtL aGb5 .
k|s[ltM oxfF jQmfn] cfkm"n] JoQm ug{ rfx]sf] ;Dk"0f{ ljrf/ jf
jfSonfO{ Pp6} cv08 ÚHof]ltsf k'~hÚ sf ¿kdf b]V5 . oxfF zAb / cy{sf] e]b
5'l§;s]sf] x'Fb}g, a? tL b'j} Pp6} cljefHo zlQmdf ;dflxt x'G5g\ .
:kmf]6sf] :yfgM kZoGtL cj:yfdf :kmf]6 ÚcljefHoÚ / ÚcqmdÚ -qmd/lxt_ ¿kdf
/x]sf] x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, h;/L Pp6f do"/sf] c08fdf do"/sf ;a}
/ªx¿ ce]b ¿kdf /xG5g\, kZoGtLdf klg ;Dk"0f{ jfSosf] cy{ To;/L g} PsLs[t
¿kdf /xG5 .
^=$=#= dWodf -Madhyama_
ha jf0fL Åbo k|b]z -cgfxt rqm_ df k'U5, ta o;nfO{ ÚdWodfÚ elgG5 . of]
jf0fLsf] dfgl;s jf af}l4s :t/ xf] .
k|s[ltM xfdLn] aflx/ d'vaf6 pRrf/0f ug{'cl3 dgdg} h'g zAbx¿sf] rog,
Jofs/l0fs lgodsf] 5gf]6 / jfSosf] qmda4 ;+/rgf u5f}{F, Tof] g} dWodf xf] . oxfF
zAb / cy{sf] e]b :ki6 x'g yfN5 / jf0fLdf ÚqmdÚ -Sequence_ sf] cfef; ;'? x'G5 .
:kmf]6sf] :yfgM :kmf]6sf] jf:tljs Úcy{af]ws zlQmÚ oxL dWodf cj:yfdf
;lqmo x'G5 . of] Ps k|sf/sf] Úaf}4 zAbÚ -Mental Image_ xf] . >f]tfn] zAb
;'Gbf / jQmfn] af]Ng vf]Hbf dl:tisdf h'g lglZrt cfs[lt jf wf/0ff aGb5, Tof] g}
dWodf :kmf]6 xf] .
^=$=$= j}v/L -Vaikhari_
of] jf0fLsf] ;a}eGbf :y"n, afXo /
clGtd cj:yf xf] . ha jfo' s07, tfn', bGt / cf]7 h:tf pRrf/0f cjojx¿;Fu 7f]lSsP/
Wjlgsf ¿kdf aflx/ lg:sG5, ta Tof] Új}v/LÚ aGb5 .
k|s[ltM j}v/L g} Tof] ef}lts :j¿k xf],
h;nfO{ xfdL sfgn] ;'G5f}F / lnlkdf n]V5f}F . of] cj:yf ÚclgToÚ -If0feË'/_ x'G5
lsgls Wjlg pRrf/0f x'gf;fy xfjfdf ljnfpF5 .
:kmf]6sf] :yfgM j}v/L cfkm}Fdf :kmf]6
xf]Og, a? o;n] cfGtl/s :kmf]6nfO{ afXo hutdf k|s6 ug]{ dfWod jf ÚJo~hsÚ -Manifestor_ sf] sfo{ ub{5 .
Pp6} :kmf]6nfO{ JoQm ug{ ljleGg JolQmn] km/s–km/s njh jf efiff -j}v/L_ sf]
k|of]u ug{ ;S5g\ .
:kmf]6 bz{gsf] ;du| cWoog / ljZn]if0faf6
of] :ki6 x'G5 ls efiff s]jn afXo Wjlgsf] lg/y{s ;d"x dfq xf]Og, a? of]
dfgjLo r]tgf / cy{tTjsf] hLjGt k|s6Ls/0f xf] . :kmf]6n] jf0fLsf k/f, kZoGtL,
dWodf / j}v/L u/L rf/} cj:yfx¿df Pp6f cljlR5Gg s8Lsf ¿kdf sfo{ ub{5 . o;sf]
d"n :j¿k kZoGtL cj:yfdf ce]b / cv08 ¿kdf /xG5, hxfF zAb / cy{sf] leGgtf
5'l§Psf] x'Fb}g . ha of] ljrf/ cleJolQm pGd'v x'G5, ta dWodf cj:yfdf o;sf]
dfgl;s vfsf jf jfrs :j¿k :ki6 x'g k'Ub5 . cGttM j}v/L cyf{t\ ef}lts Wjlgdfkm{t
of] afXo huTdf k|:km'l6t x'G5 . o;/L :kmf]6n] ;"Id cfGtl/s r]tgfnfO{
:y"n afXo Wjlg;Fu hf]8\g] Pp6f alnof] ;]t'sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 .
j}ofs/0fx¿sf cg';f/ j}v/L Wjlgx¿ cyf{t\
pRrf/0f ul/Psf j0f{x¿ clgTo / If0feË'/ x'G5g\, lsgls tL pTkGg x'gf;fy xfjfdf
ljnfpF5g\ . t/, tL Wjlgx¿sf] k[i7e"lddf /x]sf] :kmf]6 jf jf:tljs cy{tTj
eg] ;b}j Ps, lgTo / cv08 /xG5 . :kmf]6 bz{gn] WjlgnfO{ :kmf]6sf] k|sfzs jf
Jo~hssf ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . h;/L cFWof/f] sf]7fdf aflnPsf] Pp6f aQLn]
sf]7fdf /x]sf j:t'x¿nfO{ k|sflzt ub{5, To;/L g} j}v/L Wjlgsf] pRrf/0fn] xfd|f]
a'l4sf] c1fg¿kL cfj/0fnfO{ x6fOlbG5 / ToxfF ;'if'Kt cj:yfdf /x]sf] :kmf]6nfO{
k|sflzt ul/lbG5 . oxL k|s6Ls/0fsf] k|lqmofaf6 g} >f]tfnfO{ cy{sf] k"0f{
/ cv08 af]w x'g' ;Dej x'G5 .
o; bz{gsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] dxQ\j o;sf]
a|Xdf08Lo zlQm cyf{t\ zAba|Xd;Fusf] tfbfTDodf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] efiffnfO{ s]jn
;fdflhs Jojxf/ jf ;~rf/sf] ;fwgdf dfq ;Lldt g/fvL cfWoflTds w/ftn k|bfg ub{5 .
:kmf]6 g} Tof] clGtd ;To xf], h;n] dflg;sf] cfGtl/s jfQmTjnfO{ a|Xdf08sf]
d"n r]tgf;Fu Psfsf/ u/fpF5 . ctM :kmf]6n] jf0fLsf rf/} cj:yfx¿nfO{ Pp6}
cy{k"0f{ ;"qdf pg]/ efiffnfO{ bfz{lgs ul/df k|bfg ug{'sf ;fy} zAb /
cy{sf] ;DaGwnfO{ lgTo / :jfefljs ¿kdf :yflkt ub{5 . of] l;4fGtn] s] k'li6 ub{5
eg] cy{sf] af]w j0f{x¿sf] y'k|f] jf qmlds pRrf/0faf6 dfq xf]Og, a? tL j0f{x¿n]
JoQm ug]{ cv08 :kmf]6af6 dfq ;Dej 5, h'g cfw'lgs efiff lj1fgsf nflu ;d]t
lrGtgsf] Pp6f cToGt ;d[4 / alnof] cfwf/ xf] .
^=% :kmf]6sf] cv08tf / ljz]iftf -Integrity and
Characteristics of Sphota_
:kmf]6 l;4fGtsf] ;a}eGbf df}lns / ljlzi6 kIf o;sf] Úcv08tfÚ xf] .
:kmf]6jfbL j}ofs/0fx¿sf cg';f/ efiffdf j0f{, kb / jfSosf h'g ljefhgx¿ b]lvG5g\,
tL s]jn Jojxf/ rnfpgsf nflu ul/Psf sfNklgs v08x¿ dfq x'GfÙ jf:tljs :kmf]6 t
;b}j cv08 / cljefHo x'G5 . o; cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|:6 kfg{ ÚsdnÚ zAbsf] pbfx/0f lng
;lsG5 . ha xfdL ÚsÚ, ÚdÚ / ÚnÚ j0f{x¿ cnu–cnu pRrf/0f u5f}{F, ta k|To]s Wjlg
pTkGg x'gf;fy gi6 eO{ hfG5g\ . ÚsÚ Wjlg pRrf/0f x'Fbf ÚdÚ / ÚnÚ sf] cl:tTj
x'Fb}g / ÚnÚ ;Dd cfOk'Ubf ÚsÚ / ÚdÚ sf] Wjlg ;dfKt eO;s]sf] x'G5 . olb j0f{x¿
cfkm}Fdf cy{sf afxs x'Gy] eg] ÚsÚ n] dfq cy{ lbg'kYof]{, h'g ;Dej 5}g . ctM oL
qmlds / Ifl0fs Wjlgx¿n] >f]tfsf] dfg;k6ndf Pp6f ljlzi6 Ú;+:sf/Ú lgdf{0f
ub{5g\ . tL Wjlgx¿sf] clGtd z[Înf k"/f x'gf;fy dl:tisdf Pp6f Úcv08 :kmf]6Ú
hfu[t x'G5 / ;f]xL :kmf]6sf dfWodaf6 ÚsdnÚ gfds km"nsf] k"0f{ /
cljefHo cy{af]w x'G5 .
o; cfwf/df :kmf]6sf s]xL d'Vo ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ o;/L ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
klxnf], :kmf]6 ÚlgToÚ x'G5Ù cyf{t\ Wjlgsf] pTklQ / ljgfz eP tfklg o;n] a'emfpg]
cy{tTj jf af}4 :j¿k l:y/ /xG5 . bf];|f], of] Úcv08Ú 5Ù o;nfO{ j0f{ jf cIf/sf
6'qmfx¿df ljeflht ug{ ;lsFb}g . h;/L Pp6f lrqdf cg]sf}F /ª / /]vfx¿ eP tfklg
x]g]{n] To;nfO{ Pp6f l;+uf] ÚlrqÚ sf ¿kdf u|x0f ub{5, To;/L g} cg]sf}F
j0f{x¿sf] ;xof]udf :kmf]6n] Pp6} ce]b cy{ k|bfg ub{5 . t];|f], :kmf]6
Úcy{af]wsÚ x'G5Ù Wjlgn] s]jn :kmf]6nfO{ cleJoQm ug]{ sfd ub{5 eg] :kmf]6n] l;w}
cy{sf] 1fg u/fpFb5 . o;ljk/Lt afXo Wjlg eg] Úvl08tÚ / ÚIfl0fsÚ k|s[ltsf] x'G5 .
ctM :kmf]6 bz{gn] s] :ki6 kfb{5 eg] eflifs OsfOx¿sf] afXo leGgtfsf afah'b
cy{sf] :t/df efiff ;b}j Ps / cljlR5Gg ;Qfsf ¿kdf ljBdfg /xG5, h;n] dfgjLo
;~rf/nfO{ k"0f{tf k|bfg ub{5 .
^=^ :kmf]6 bz{gsf cfwf/df zAb / cy{sf] ;DaGw -Relationship
between Word and Meaning_
:kmf]6 bz{gsf] d"n l;4fGt g} zAb / cy{aLrsf] ÚlgToÚ / ÚcgflbÚ
;DaGw xf]. j}ofs/0fx¿sf cg';f/ zAb / cy{nfO{ Pscsf{af6 cnu ug{ ;lsFb}gÙ oL b'j}
Pp6} r]tgfsf b'O{j6f cleJolQm x'g\ .
^=^=!= ;DaGwsf] :j¿k / tflTjs cfwf/
:kmf]6jfbL b[li6sf]0f cg';f/ zAb / cy{sf] ;DaGw s[lqd jf ;f+s]lts dfq
geP/ ÚtfbfTDoÚ -Identity_ ;DaGw xf] . h;/L cfuf]af6 To;sf]
tfk jf rG›dfaf6 To;sf] zLtntf cnu x'g ;Sb}g, To;/L g} zAbaf6 cy{ k[ys\ x'g
;Sb}g.
pbfx/0fM ha xfdL ÚclUgÚ eG5f}F, ta xfd|f] dl:tisdf Úcfuf]Ú sf] h'g af]w
x'G5, Tof] zAb / cy{sf] ce]b cj:yf xf]. aflx/sf] ef}lts cfuf] -j:t'_ / dgleqsf]
zAb -:kmf]6_ aLrsf] oxL cljefHo ;DaGwn] g} ;~rf/ ;Dej u/fpF5.
^=^=@= j0f{x¿sf] qmldstf / cv08 :kmf]6sf] k|:km'6g
xfd|f] pRrf/0f k|lqmofdf j0f{x¿ qmd};Fu cfpF5g\. ÚsdnÚ eGbf ÚsÚ kl5 ÚdÚ
/ ÚdÚ kl5 ÚnÚ cfpF5. ÚnÚ pRrf/0f eO/xFbf ÚsÚ / ÚdÚ gi6 eO;s]sf x'G5g\.
k|lqmof M oL qmlds Wjlgx¿n] >f]tfsf] lrQdf Ps
k|sf/sf] Ú;+:sf/Ú -Impression_ hDdf ub}{ hfG5g\. ha clGtd j0f{sf] pRrf/0f
;lsG5, ta tL ;a} ;+:sf/x¿sf] ;+o'Qm ann] Pp6f Úcv08 :kmf]6Ú hfu[t x'G5.
lrqsf] pbfx/0fM h;/L Pp6f lrqdf cg]sf}F /ª / /]vfx¿
x'G5g\, t/ x]g]{n] To;nfO{ 6'qmf–6'qmfdf gx]/L Pp6f Úl;+uf] cfs[ltÚ sf ¿kdf
b]V5, :kmf]6n] klg w]/} j0f{x¿nfO{ pg]/ Pp6} cv08 cy{ k|bfg ub{5.
|
kIf |
Wjlg -WjGofTds zAb_ |
:kmf]6 -jf:tljs
zAb_ |
cy{ -jfRo_ |
|
k|s[lt |
clgTo, ef}lts /
Ifl0fs |
lgTo, dfgl;s /
cef}lts |
cjwf/0ffTds / af}4
:j¿k |
|
;+/rgf |
vl08t -s±d±n_ |
cv08 -k"0f{
PsfO_ |
PsLs[t / k"0f{ |
|
sfo{ |
Jo~hs -k|sfz kfg]{
dfWod_ |
jfrs -cy{ JoQm ug]{
zlQm_ |
jfRo -a'lemg]
ljifo_ |
|
cj:yf |
j}v/L -afXo
pRrf/0f_ |
dWodf÷kZoGtL
-cfGtl/s_ |
r]tgfsf] ljifo |
|
ljz]iftf |
of] hGdG5 / d5{
-gfzjfGf\_ |
of] ;w}F l:y/ /xG5
-lgTo_ |
of] 1fgsf] ¿kdf
/xG5 |
^=^=#= Jofks If]qM jfSo :kmf]6sf] ;jf]{kl/tf
:kmf]6 bz{gn] j0f{ :kmf]6 / kb :kmf]6nfO{ s]jn ÚpkfoÚ dfq dfGb5Ù
jf:tljs ;To t ÚjfSo :kmf]6Ú g} xf].
ts{ M ;+;f/df s'g} klg zAbn] PSn} k"0f{ cy{ lbFb}g. ha
xfdL ÚNofpmÚ eG5f}F, ta k|Zg p7\5— Ús] Nofpm<Ú. ha Ú38f NofpmÚ elgG5, ta dfq
cy{sf] k"0f{tf x'G5 .
Jofkstf M j}ofs/0fx¿sf cg';f/ jfSo g} efiffsf] cflb
/ cGTo xf] . zAbx¿ t Jofs/0f l;sfpgsf nflu agfOPsf sfNklgs 6'qmfx¿ dfq x'g\ .
h;/L Pp6f uLtsf] ld7f; To;sf cnu–cnu :j/df geO{ ;du| nodf x'G5, To;/L g} cy{sf]
zlQm ;du| jfSodf lglxt x'G5 .
^=^=$= JoË\o–Jo~hs ;DaGw -Manifestation_
Wjlg / :kmf]6sf] ;DaGwnfO{ ÚJoË\o–Jo~hsÚ ;DaGw elgG5 .
pbfx/0fM h;/L cFWof/f]df /x]sf] j:t'nfO{
x]g{ aQLsf] cfjZostf k5{, t/ aQL cfkm}F Tof] j:t' xf]Og, To;/L g} j}v/L Wjlgn]
xfd|f] a'l4df n's]sf] :kmf]6nfO{ Úk|sflztÚ ug]{ sfd ub{5. Wjlgn] :kmf]6nfO{
hGdfpg] xf]Og, a? o;n] t s]jn :kmf]6dfly nfu]sf] c1fgsf] kbf{ x6fOlbG5 .
:kmf]6 bz{gsf cfwf/df zAb / cy{sf] ;DaGw
Pp6f lbJo / a|Xdf08Lo k|lqmof xf]. o;n] efiffnfO{ s]jn cf]7 / s07sf] s;/t dfq
geg]/ ÚzAba|XdÚ sf] Pp6f ¿k dfGb5. o;n] s] k|dfl0ft ub{5 eg] cy{sf] af]w
j0f{x¿sf] y'k|f]af6 xf]Og, a? tL j0f{x¿n] ;+s]t ug]{ Pp6f cljefHo / lgTo :kmf]6af6
dfq ;Dej 5. of] lrGtgn] k|frLg k"jL{o Jofs/0fnfO{ cfw'lgs cy{lj1fg
-Semantics_ ;Fu hf]8\g] Pp6f alnof] cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5 .
&= lgisif{ -Conclusion_
k|:t't cWoogsf] ;du| ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df of] lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsG5 ls
:kmf]6 bz{g efiff lj1fg / bz{gsf] Pp6f o:tf] pRrtd\ ljGb' xf], h;n] zAb /
cy{sf] ;DaGwnfO{ ef}ltstfeGbf dfly p7fP/ lgTo / cef}lts w/ftndf :yflkt ub{5 .
:kmf]6 s]jn Jofs/0fsf] z'istfdf dfq ;Lldt geO{ of] dfgjLo r]tgf / a|Xdf08Lo
zlQm -zAba|Xd_ aLrsf] Pp6f cljefHo s8L xf] . s'g} klg Wjlgsf] pRrf/0f kZrft\
>f]tfsf] dfg;k6ndf tTsfn} h'g cv08 cjwf/0ff jf ljrf/sf] k|:km'6g x'G5, ToxL
g} jf:tljs :kmf]6 xf] . o;n] s] k'li6 ub{5 eg] zAb / cy{sf] ;DaGw cfsl:ds jf
dfgj–lgld{t ;Demf}tf dfq geP/ of] t cfuf] / tfk h:t} k|fs[lts, lgTo / tfbfTDo
:j¿ksf] x'G5 .
o; cWoogn] ljz]iftM jf0fLsf rf/ cj:yfx¿— k/f, kZoGtL, dWodf / j}v/Lsf]
;"Id ofqfnfO{ phfu/ ub}{ efiff s;/L ;"Id r]tgfaf6 :y"n Wjlg;Dd
¿kfGtl/t x'G5 eGg] j}1flgs tYonfO{ k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . ef}lts Wjlgx¿ -j}v/L_
If0feË'/ / vl08t eP tfklg ltgn] JoQm ug]{ :kmf]6 ;b}j cv08 / lgTo /xG5, h;sf
sf/0f g} eflifs ;~rf/df cy{sf] l:y/tf ;Dej ePsf] xf] . k|frLg cfrfo{x¿ kfl0fgL,
kt~hln / ljz]if u/L et{[xl/sf] lrGtgaf6 ljsl;t ePsf] of] l;4fGt cfw'lgs
cy{lj1fg -Semantics_ / dgf]–efifflj1fgsf nflu;d]t Pp6f zfZjt
dfu{bz{g xf] . cGTodf, :kmf]6 bz{gn] efiffnfO{ s]jn ;fdflhs Jojxf/sf] ;fwgdf
dfq ;Lldt g/fvL o;nfO{ df]Ifsf] åf/ / k/dtTj k|flKtsf] kljq ;f]kfgsf ¿kdf
:yflkt ug{' g} o;sf] jf:tljs ;fy{stf / k|fl1s cf]h xf] .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L -References_
clwsf/L, ;'af]w= -@)&*_= ;+:s[t Jofs/0f zf:qsf] Oltxf;= sf7df8f}FM
ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/.
cj:yf, emnklt -;Dkf=_= -@))!_= jfSokbLo a|Xdsf08= jf/f0f;LM rf}vDaf
ljBf ejg.
sf}08e§= -@)%^_= j}ofs/0fe"if0f;f/ -Jof= :jfdL zÍ/fgGb ;/:jtL_=
jf/f0f;LM rf}vDaf cf]l/oG6lnof.
lqkf7L, /fhf/fd -;Dkf=_= -@)$^_= lzIff ;Ë|x= jf/f0f;LM ;Dk"0ff{gGb
;+:s[t ljZjljBfno.
bfxfn, lji0f'= -@)&!_= jfQmQ\jdf :kmf]6 bz{gsf] cjwf/0ff= k|1f,
!-!_, !!). sf7df8f}FM g]kfn k|1f–k|lti7fg.
a/b/fh= -!(($_= n3'l;4fGt sf}d'bL -Jof= >L w/fgGb zf:qL_= lbNnLM
df]tLnfn agf/;L bf;.
et{[xl/= -!(*%_= l;4fGt sf}d'bL -tQ\jaf]lwgL_= lbNnLM rf}vDaf ;+:s[t
k|lti7fg.
d08g ld>= -!(&!_= :kmf]6l;l4 -;Dkf= s]= P= ;'a|Xd0o co\o/_=
k'g]M 8]Ssg sn]h.
zdf{, n]vgfy= -@)&%_= :kmf]6 bz{g / cfw'lgs efifflj1fg= sf7df8f}FM
k}/jL k|sfzg.
Bhattacharya, Bishnupada. (1985). Bharthari’s Vakyapadiya: A study of the
concepts of Sphota. Varanasi: Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan.
Iyer, K. A. Subramania. (1969). Bhartrhari: A study of the Vakyapadiya in
the light of the Ancient Commentaries. Pune: Deccan College.
Matilal, Bimal Krishna. (1990). The Word and the World: India's
contribution to the study of language. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Comments
Post a Comment